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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
Where should the dispersive (grounding) pad for electrosurgery be placed?
AOver an area with scar tissue or a tattoo, so that the pad does not slip
BOn clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
COver a bony prominence such as the hip bone
DOn skin that is wet with antiseptic prep
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient whose HIV and hepatitis status is unknown. What should happen?
AThe nurse is assumed to be infected and stops all work
BNothing, because the source patient is probably not infected
CThe nurse waits six months before having any blood tests at all
DThe source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
When measuring a wound, how is the length usually taken?
AAround the edge of the wound with a tape measure
BIn whichever direction is shortest
CIn the head-to-toe direction across the longest part
DFrom the wound to the nearest joint
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
The intact skin over a patient's heel is deep purple and feels boggy. What should be suspected?
AA suspected deep tissue injury
BA fungal skin infection
CA category 1 pressure ulcer that will heal by itself
DA normal bruise from a minor knock
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Sel darah putih manakah yang menjadi fagosit utama pada infeksi bakteri akut dan komponen utama nanah?
ABasofil
BNeutrofil
CEosinofil
DLimfosit B
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Pada 1840-an Ignaz Semmelweis menurunkan kematian akibat demam nifas di klinik bersalin di Wina. Apa yang ia perkenalkan?
AMenempatkan ibu di ruang isolasi terpisah setelah melahirkan
BMencuci tangan dengan kapur berklorin sebelum memeriksa perempuan
CVaksinasi semua ibu sebelum melahirkan
DMengobati ibu dengan penisilin
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: B · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
Mengapa ini jawabannya
The pad returns the current safely. Good contact over a well-perfused muscle prevents burns, while bony areas, scars, hair and moisture reduce contact and can cause burns at the pad site.
Jawaban
B · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: D · The source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
Mengapa ini jawabannya
After first aid and reporting, the source patient is tested according to law and policy, and the nurse has baseline testing. A rapid risk assessment decides whether HIV prophylaxis is started while results are awaited.
Jawaban
D · The source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: C · In the head-to-toe direction across the longest part
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Using the body's head-to-toe axis for length and side-to-side for width keeps measurements consistent between nurses, so changes in size are meaningful.
Jawaban
C · In the head-to-toe direction across the longest part
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: A · A suspected deep tissue injury
Mengapa ini jawabannya
A purple or maroon area of intact skin, often firm or boggy, suggests deep tissue injury from pressure and shear. It can quickly become a deep open ulcer, so pressure must be removed at once.
Jawaban
A · A suspected deep tissue injury
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: B · Neutrofil
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Neutrofil cepat tiba di tempat infeksi dan menelan bakteri. Neutrofil mati, bakteri, dan sisa jaringan membentuk nanah.
Jawaban
B · Neutrofil
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: B · Mencuci tangan dengan kapur berklorin sebelum memeriksa perempuan
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Semmelweis memperhatikan angka kematian lebih tinggi di bangsal yang ditangani dokter yang juga melakukan autopsi. Disinfeksi tangan dengan kapur berklorin menurunkan kematian secara tajam, jauh sebelum teori kuman diterima.
Jawaban
B · Mencuci tangan dengan kapur berklorin sebelum memeriksa perempuan