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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
A peripheral IV site is red, warm and tender along the vein. What should the nurse do?
ARemove the catheter and insert a new one at another site if still needed
BFlush the catheter harder to clear the vein and keep using the same site
CIncrease the infusion rate to finish the bag sooner
DApply a warm pack and keep using the same site
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A toddler has bruises of different ages and a burn, and the parent’s explanation does not fit the injuries. What should the nurse do?
AReport the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
BDocument only and say nothing to anyone
CConfront the parent and ask them to admit to abuse
DWait until there is clear proof of abuse before reporting anything at all
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
In which direction should a female patient's perineum be cleaned?
AEither way, as long as soap is used
BFrom front to back
CFrom back to front
DIn circles starting at the anus
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
According to current European (ERC) and 2025 American Heart Association guidelines, what is the first action for a conscious adult who is choking and cannot cough effectively?
AGive a glass of water
BGive 5 rescue breaths
CStart chest compressions at once
DGive up to 5 back blows
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Sel apa yang terutama diinfeksi dan dihancurkan HIV?
ANeutrofil
BSel T helper CD4
CSel darah merah
DTrombosit
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Ditemukan kokus Gram-positif. Uji manakah yang dengan cepat membedakan stafilokokus dari streptokokus?
APertumbuhan pada agar MacConkey
BPewarnaan tahan asam
CUji katalase
DUji koagulase
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: A · Remove the catheter and insert a new one at another site if still needed
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Redness, warmth and tenderness along the vein indicate phlebitis, which can lead to infection. The catheter is removed and, if IV access is still needed, a new one is placed at a different site.
Jawaban
A · Remove the catheter and insert a new one at another site if still needed
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: A · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Injuries that do not match the history must be reported, and proof is not needed. In the US, nurses are legally mandated reporters; in the UK and many other countries, safeguarding procedures require the concern to be referred to the designated lead or children’s social care. The child’s safety is ensured and the findings are documented factually.
Jawaban
A · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: B · From front to back
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Cleaning from the urethra towards the anus moves bacteria away from the urinary tract and lowers the risk of urinary tract infection.
Jawaban
B · From front to back
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: D · Give up to 5 back blows
Mengapa ini jawabannya
For severe airway obstruction in a conscious adult, give up to 5 back blows, then up to 5 abdominal thrusts if needed, and repeat. Older US teaching started with abdominal thrusts alone. If they become unresponsive, start CPR.
Jawaban
D · Give up to 5 back blows
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: B · Sel T helper CD4
Mengapa ini jawabannya
HIV mengikat CD4 dan koreseptor pada sel T helper. Hilangnya sel-sel ini melemahkan imunitas antibodi maupun imunitas seluler, yang berujung pada AIDS.
Jawaban
B · Sel T helper CD4
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: C · Uji katalase
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Stafilokokus menghasilkan katalase, yang memecah hidrogen peroksida menjadi air dan gelembung oksigen; streptokokus tidak. Uji koagulase kemudian digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi S. aureus di antara stafilokokus.