Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

A patient has leftover opioid tablets after surgery. Which advice about disposal is best?

  1. AGive them to a friend or relative who has back pain
  2. BKeep them in an unlocked drawer at home in case of future pain
  3. CLeave them in the bathroom cabinet indefinitely
  4. DReturn them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

A nurse teaches a patient about care of a surgical incision at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I will keep the dressing clean and dry as I was shown.”
  2. B“I will wash my hands with soap before I touch or change the dressing.”
  3. C“I will call the clinic if I get a fever or more pain around the wound.”
  4. D“If the wound gets red and drains pus, I will wait for my appointment next month.”
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

A patient you are walking with starts to fall. What should you do?

  1. AEase them gently to the floor while protecting their head
  2. BLet go quickly and call for help
  3. CTry to hold them upright with your arms around their chest
  4. DGrab them under the armpits and lift them
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

A patient's notes record a penicillin allergy with a rash. The new prescription is for amoxicillin. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive an antihistamine first, then the amoxicillin
  2. BGive the dose, as amoxicillin is a different drug from penicillin itself
  3. CGive half the dose and watch for a rash
  4. DWithhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Apa itu endotoksin?

  1. AToksin yang dibuat jamur di bangunan lembap
  2. BToksin yang hanya diproduksi di dalam sel manusia
  3. CToksin protein yang disekresikan bakteri Gram-positif ke jaringan sekitarnya
  4. DLipopolisakarida di membran luar bakteri Gram-negatif
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Keracunan makanan akibat Staphylococcus aureus dimulai hanya 1–6 jam setelah makan. Mengapa begitu cepat?

  1. ASistem imun bereaksi terhadap bakteri dalam hitungan menit
  2. BBakteri telah membuat toksin tahan panas di dalam makanan sebelum dimakan
  3. CBakteri berkembang biak sangat cepat di dalam usus dan menginvasi dinding usus
  4. DBakteri langsung menyerbu aliran darah

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Returning unused opioids to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site is the preferred way to dispose of them. Leftover opioids at home can be misused or taken by children or pets.

Jawaban

D · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · “If the wound gets red and drains pus, I will wait for my appointment next month.”

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Increasing redness, purulent drainage, fever and worsening pain are signs of surgical site infection and should be reported promptly. Waiting a month could allow the infection to spread.

Jawaban

D · “If the wound gets red and drains pus, I will wait for my appointment next month.”
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: A · Ease them gently to the floor while protecting their head

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Trying to stop a fall can injure both the nurse and the patient. The nurse widens their stance, supports the patient and guides them down, protecting the head.

Jawaban

A · Ease them gently to the floor while protecting their head
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: D · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Amoxicillin is a penicillin and can cause the same allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis. The nurse withholds it and asks for an alternative.

Jawaban

D · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: D · Lipopolisakarida di membran luar bakteri Gram-negatif

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Endotoksin adalah lipid A dari lipopolisakarida. Endotoksin memicu respons imun yang kuat dengan demam dan, dalam jumlah besar, syok septik.

Jawaban

D · Lipopolisakarida di membran luar bakteri Gram-negatif
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: B · Bakteri telah membuat toksin tahan panas di dalam makanan sebelum dimakan

Mengapa ini jawabannya

S. aureus menghasilkan enterotoksin dalam makanan yang dibiarkan pada suhu hangat. Toksin sudah ada ketika makanan dimakan dan bertahan saat dipanaskan ulang, sehingga gejala muncul cepat.

Jawaban

B · Bakteri telah membuat toksin tahan panas di dalam makanan sebelum dimakan

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