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1Rumus dan metode
Prioritas & delegasi
Metode
Tanyakan apa yang akan paling cepat membahayakan pasien bila tidak dilakukan apa-apa.
Terapkan ABC (C-A-B pada henti jantung), lalu Maslow: kebutuhan fisiologis sebelum keselamatan, keselamatan sebelum kebutuhan psikologis.
Bandingkan pilihannya: akut sebelum kronis, tidak stabil sebelum stabil, tak terduga sebelum yang diharapkan, sistemik sebelum lokal, dan periksa setiap temuan terhadap kondisi dasar pasien.
Lakukan pengkajian sebelum bertindak kecuali dalam keadaan darurat; lalu pilih langkah yang menjadi dasar langkah lainnya.
Untuk delegasi, periksa lima benar: tugas, keadaan, orang, arahan, dan supervisi. Pengkajian, edukasi, dan evaluasi tetap pada perawat terdaftar (RN).
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
Nilai laboratorium & elektrolit
Metode
Bandingkan nilainya dengan rentang rujukan laboratorium itu sendiri, lalu dengan kondisi dasar dan tren pasien.
Periksa sampelnya: hemolisis, keterlambatan, atau darah yang diambil dekat jalur IV dapat memberi hasil palsu.
Hubungkan nilai itu dengan tanda khasnya serta obat dan kondisi yang menyebabkannya.
Cari interaksi: kalium atau magnesium yang rendah meningkatkan toksisitas digoksin; dehidrasi menaikkan litium.
Bertindaklah untuk pasien: lakukan pengkajian, tahan obat bila kadarnya tidak aman, bacakan kembali nilai kritis, dan beri tahu penulis resep.
Medikal-bedah: kardiovaskular & respirasi
Metode
Namai masalahnya: kegagalan pompa, arteri tersumbat, irama, bekuan, penyempitan jalan napas, infeksi, atau masalah alat.
Periksa tanda bahaya lebih dulu: hipoksia, hipotensi, nyeri dada, kebingungan baru, anggota gerak yang dingin tanpa denyut.
Sesuaikan oksigen dengan pasien: 94–98% untuk sebagian besar, 88–92% untuk yang berisiko retensi CO₂.
Hubungkan setiap obat dengan tesnya dan risikonya: warfarin dan INR, heparin dan aPTT serta trombosit, diuretik dan kalium.
Pilih tindakan pertama yang aman, lalu lakukan eskalasi dan nilai ulang.
Medikal-bedah: saraf, endokrin & ginjal
Metode
Periksa glukosa pada setiap pasien dengan kebingungan baru, kelemahan, atau kejang.
Gunakan tingkat kesadaran sebagai peringatan paling awal gangguan otak; pupil dan trias Cushing muncul belakangan.
Untuk kegawatan diabetes, bedakan KAD (keton, asidosis) dari HHS (osmolalitas sangat tinggi, dehidrasi); berikan cairan lebih dulu.
Untuk natrium dan air, tentukan apakah ADH berlebih (SIADH) atau kurang (DI), dan koreksi perubahan kronis secara perlahan.
Untuk masalah ginjal, golongkan penyebabnya menjadi prarenal, intrinsik, atau pascarenal, dan pantau kalium dan cairan.
Medikal-bedah: saluran cerna, perioperatif & onkologi
Metode
Tanyakan apa yang mungkin tersembunyi: perdarahan dalam, infeksi tanpa demam, hipoventilasi di balik SpO₂ yang normal.
Gunakan waktu setelah operasi untuk mempersempit komplikasi: perdarahan dalam hitungan jam, masalah dada dalam hitungan hari, masalah luka dan kebocoran belakangan.
Untuk nyeri, kaji, tangani dengan analgesia multimodal, nilai ulang, dan pantau sedasi pada setiap opioid.
Untuk pasien kanker, perlakukan setiap penyakit selama nadir sebagai sepsis neutropenik dan ketahui kegawatan onkologi.
Untuk luka bakar, hitung hanya area derajat sebagian dan seluruh ketebalan kulit, mulai jam Parkland pada waktu luka bakar, dan titrasi menurut produksi urine.
2Soal latihan
1.Prioritas & delegasiSedang
Instruksi kepada asisten keperawatan mana yang paling jelas?
A"Kabari saya jika ada yang tampak salah pada Pak Lee selama Anda di dalam."
B"Perhatikan Pak Lee pagi ini dan kabari saya bagaimana keadaannya."
C"Lakukan tanda vital Pak Lee kapan saja sebelum makan siang dan tuliskan di bagan untuk saya."
D"Ukur tekanan darah Pak Lee pukul 10,00 dan segera beri tahu saya bila sistoliknya di bawah 100."
2.Prioritas & delegasiSulit
Which patient is the best choice for the room closest to the nurses’ station?
AA confused older adult at high risk of falls
BA young adult waiting for discharge tomorrow
CA patient admitted for a planned scan, feeling well
DA patient with stable diabetes who walks independently
3.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
Why should a child’s weight be recorded only in kilograms?
AMixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors
BScales that show kilograms are always more accurate than those that show pounds
CKilograms are easier for parents to remember
DChildren weigh less, so smaller units are needed
4.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A nurse teaches the daughter of a patient with moderate Alzheimer’s disease about home safety. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I keep her medicines locked away and give each dose to her myself.”
B“I let Mom cook alone on the gas stove because she enjoys it.”
C“We put locks high up on the outside doors.”
D“She wears an ID bracelet in case she gets lost.”
5.Nilai laboratorium & elektrolitSedang
A nurse completed the hepatitis B vaccine series. Which result shows protective immunity?
AA positive HBsAg test
BAnti-HBs of 10 mIU/mL or more
CA raised ALT level
DA positive IgM anti-HBc
6.Nilai laboratorium & elektrolitSulit
A patient has a positive hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) test. What is the most appropriate next step?
AGive hepatitis C vaccine to prevent further infection
BTell the patient they definitely have chronic hepatitis C
CTest for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current
DRepeat the antibody test, as a positive test is always false
7.Keperawatan klinisSedang
Lembar keseimbangan cairan seorang pasien menunjukkan asupan 1,200 mL dan haluaran 2,300 mL selama 24 jam. Apa yang ditunjukkan hal ini?
AKeseimbangan cairan negatif 1,100 mL
BKeseimbangan cairan positif 1,100 mL
CKeseimbangan cairan positif 3,500 mL
DStatus cairan seimbang
8.Keperawatan klinisSulit
A conscious patient with hypoglycaemia was given fast-acting carbohydrate. On re-check 15 minutes later the blood glucose is 3,6 mmol/L (65 mg/dL). What should the nurse do next?
ATake no action because the level is rising
BGive another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
CGive a long-acting carbohydrate snack only and recheck tomorrow
DGive a dose of subcutaneous insulin
9.Medikal-bedah: kardiovaskular & respirasiSedang
What is the purpose of a mucolytic such as carbocisteine in chronic productive cough?
ATo kill bacteria in the airways
BTo make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
CTo stop the patient coughing completely, day and night
DTo widen the airways within minutes
10.Medikal-bedah: kardiovaskular & respirasiSulit
A patient with heart failure wakes extremely breathless, coughing pink frothy sputum. BP is 168/96 mmHg and SpO₂ 86%. Help has been called. What is the best initial nursing action?
AEncourage the patient to walk to ease the breathing
BSit the patient upright with the legs down and give oxygen
CLie the patient flat with the legs raised on pillows
DGive a large IV fluid bolus to support the circulation
11.Medikal-bedah: saraf, endokrin & ginjalSedang
Which picture fits Brown-Séquard syndrome?
ALoss of all feeling but normal movement on both sides
BParalysis of both legs, with normal sensation everywhere in the body
CWeakness of both arms with normal strength in the legs
DWeakness on the same side and loss of pain on the opposite side
12.Medikal-bedah: saraf, endokrin & ginjalSulit
Which patient with a spinal cord injury is at risk of autonomic dysreflexia?
AA patient with an injury at L3
BA patient with an injury at L5
CA patient with an injury at S2
DA patient with an injury at T4
13.Medikal-bedah: saluran cerna, perioperatif & onkologiSedang
What is achalasia?
AA tear at the junction of the oesophagus and the stomach
BFailure of the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax on swallowing
CInflammation of the oesophagus caused by a fungal infection
DWeakness of the lower oesophageal sphincter that allows reflux
14.Medikal-bedah: saluran cerna, perioperatif & onkologiSulit
Which group of signs suggests that a patient is entering the last days of life?
AReduced intake, mottled skin and changes in breathing
BRising appetite, more energy and normal skin colour and warmth
CHigh blood pressure and very fast weight gain
DClearer thinking and increased movement
3Larutan
1.Prioritas & delegasi
Jawaban: D · "Ukur tekanan darah Pak Lee pukul 10,00 dan segera beri tahu saya bila sistoliknya di bawah 100."
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Instruksi terbaik menyatakan dengan tepat apa yang harus dilakukan, kapan, dan nilai mana yang harus segera dilaporkan. Instruksi lainnya membuat asisten menebak apa yang penting.
Jawaban
D · "Ukur tekanan darah Pak Lee pukul 10,00 dan segera beri tahu saya bila sistoliknya di bawah 100."
2.Prioritas & delegasi
Jawaban: A · A confused older adult at high risk of falls
Mengapa ini jawabannya
A confused patient at high risk of falls benefits from being close to staff, so they can be observed and helped quickly. The other patients are stable and independent.
Jawaban
A · A confused older adult at high risk of falls
3.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: A · Mixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Pediatric doses are often calculated per kilogram. A weight recorded in pounds but read as kilograms gives a dose more than twice as high, so weight is recorded and used only in kilograms.
Jawaban
A · Mixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors
4.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: B · “I let Mom cook alone on the gas stove because she enjoys it.”
Mengapa ini jawabannya
People with moderate dementia may forget a lit stove, causing fires or burns. Cooking should be supervised, or stove knobs removed or controls disabled. The other statements show good safety planning.
Jawaban
B · “I let Mom cook alone on the gas stove because she enjoys it.”
5.Nilai laboratorium & elektrolit
Jawaban: B · Anti-HBs of 10 mIU/mL or more
Mengapa ini jawabannya
An anti-HBs level of at least 10 mIU/mL after vaccination indicates protection. HBsAg and IgM anti-HBc indicate infection, not immunity. Health care workers are often tested after vaccination.Diperiksa dengan:Hepatitis virus panel · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
Jawaban
B · Anti-HBs of 10 mIU/mL or more
6.Nilai laboratorium & elektrolit
Jawaban: C · Test for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Anti-HCV shows exposure, but some people clear the virus and keep antibodies. An HCV RNA test shows whether the infection is current. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but antiviral treatment can cure most infections.Diperiksa dengan:Hepatitis C · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
Jawaban
C · Test for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current
7.Keperawatan klinis
Jawaban: A · Keseimbangan cairan negatif 1,100 mL
Mengapa ini jawabannya
1,200 − 2,300 = −1,100 mL. Keseimbangan negatif berarti cairan yang hilang lebih banyak daripada yang masuk, yang dapat menyebabkan dehidrasi.
Jawaban
A · Keseimbangan cairan negatif 1,100 mL
8.Keperawatan klinis
Jawaban: B · Give another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
Mengapa ini jawabannya
If blood glucose remains below the threshold (4 mmol/L in UK guidance, 70 mg/dL in US guidance), the fast-acting treatment is repeated. Once it is above the threshold, a longer-acting carbohydrate such as a sandwich or the next meal helps prevent recurrence.
Jawaban
B · Give another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
9.Medikal-bedah: kardiovaskular & respirasi
Jawaban: B · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Mucolytics reduce sputum viscosity, which can make expectoration easier and may reduce exacerbations in some people with COPD. They are not bronchodilators or antibiotics. Cough suppressants are generally avoided in productive cough.
Jawaban
B · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
10.Medikal-bedah: kardiovaskular & respirasi
Jawaban: B · Sit the patient upright with the legs down and give oxygen
Mengapa ini jawabannya
This is acute pulmonary oedema. Sitting upright with the legs dependent reduces venous return and eases breathing, and oxygen is titrated to target. IV diuretics, and sometimes nitrates or CPAP, are expected. Lying flat or giving fluids would worsen the congestion.
Jawaban
B · Sit the patient upright with the legs down and give oxygen
11.Medikal-bedah: saraf, endokrin & ginjal
Jawaban: D · Weakness on the same side and loss of pain on the opposite side
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Damage to one side of the spinal cord, often from a stab wound, causes motor loss and loss of proprioception on the same side, and loss of pain and temperature on the opposite side. The pain fibres cross soon after entering the cord.
Jawaban
D · Weakness on the same side and loss of pain on the opposite side
12.Medikal-bedah: saraf, endokrin & ginjal
Jawaban: D · A patient with an injury at T4
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Autonomic dysreflexia usually occurs with injuries at T6 or above. Below this level, the body can still control the sympathetic response to stimuli such as a full bladder. Lumbar and sacral injuries do not usually cause it.
Jawaban
D · A patient with an injury at T4
13.Medikal-bedah: saluran cerna, perioperatif & onkologi
Jawaban: B · Failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax on swallowing
Mengapa ini jawabannya
In achalasia, peristalsis is lost and the lower oesophageal sphincter does not relax, causing dysphagia to both solids and liquids, regurgitation and weight loss. Treatments include dilatation and surgical myotomy.
Jawaban
B · Failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax on swallowing
14.Medikal-bedah: saluran cerna, perioperatif & onkologi
Jawaban: A · Reduced intake, mottled skin and changes in breathing
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Signs include increasing drowsiness, reduced intake, mottled cool peripheries, changes in breathing such as pauses, and noisy secretions. Recognising them allows care to focus on comfort and family support.
Jawaban
A · Reduced intake, mottled skin and changes in breathing
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