Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 16 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.
“Leaves change colour in autumn because the trees stop making chlorophyll, the green pigment. As the green fades, yellow and orange pigments that were there all along become visible.” Where do the yellow and orange colours come from?
Antibiotics kill bacteria, but they do not work on viruses. Taking antibiotics when they are not needed can help bacteria become resistant, making future infections harder to treat. What would the author most likely recommend?
Sebuah segitiga memiliki alas 16 m dan tinggi 5 m. Berapa luasnya A?
Selesaikan untuk x: 5(x − 7) = 4x − 33.
Struktur apa yang merupakan berkas serabut saraf utama yang menghubungkan hemisfer serebri kiri dan kanan?
Pada hipertensi portal, varises esofagus terbentuk pada anastomosis portosistemik yang mana?
Hormon sekretin dilepaskan ketika asam masuk ke duodenum. Apa efek utamanya?
Seorang pasien ketoasidosis diabetik bernapas dalam dan cepat. Pola apa yang diharapkan pada analisis gas darah?
Yeast in bread dough breaks down sugar without oxygen. What does it produce?
A student puts a fertilised plant in a sunny window and an unfertilised plant in a dark cupboard. The fertilised plant grows more. What is the main flaw?
An exothermic reaction is at equilibrium. What happens if the temperature is raised?
Why does drinking seawater make dehydration worse?
Choose the correct word: “The patient’s temperature ___ overnight.”
Which sentence makes a logical comparison?
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The study measured the efficacy of the vaccine.”
What does the term haematoma mean?
Jawaban: D · Pigments already present in the leaves
The yellow and orange pigments were in the leaves all along; they become visible when the green chlorophyll fades.
Jawaban: D · Using antibiotics only when a doctor confirms a bacterial infection
The author warns that unnecessary use causes resistance, so the recommendation would be to use antibiotics only when they are truly needed.
Jawaban: A = 40 m²
Keliling, luas, dan volume: keliling adalah jarak di sekeliling suatu bangun (persegi panjang: 2p + 2l). Luas diukur dalam satuan persegi: persegi panjang p × l, segitiga ½ × alas × tinggi, lingkaran π·r². Keliling lingkaran adalah π·d = 2π·r. Volume dalam satuan kubik: balok p × l × t, tabung π·r²·t. Gunakan nilai π yang diberikan soal.
Jawaban: x = 2
Menyelesaikan persamaan: lakukan hal yang sama pada kedua ruas sampai x berdiri sendiri. Batalkan operasi dengan urutan terbalik: batalkan penjumlahan atau pengurangan lebih dahulu, lalu perkalian atau pembagian. Hilangkan tanda kurung dengan sifat distributif, a(x + b) = ax + ab, dan kumpulkan suku x di satu ruas. Periksa jawaban dengan menyubstitusikannya kembali.
Jawaban: B · Korpus kalosum
Korpus kalosum adalah komisura terbesar yang menghubungkan area yang bersesuaian di kedua hemisfer. Kapsula interna justru membawa serabut proyeksi naik dan turun.
Jawaban: C · Antara vena gastrika kiri dan cabang esofageal vena azigos
Di esofagus bawah, darah portal di vena gastrika kiri bertemu darah sistemik di vena esofageal yang bermuara ke sistem azigos. Tekanan portal yang tinggi melebarkan vena-vena ini.
Jawaban: A · Sekresi bikarbonat dari pankreas
Sekretin merangsang sel duktus pankreas menyekresikan cairan kaya bikarbonat, yang menetralkan kimus asam sehingga enzim usus dapat bekerja.
Jawaban: D · pH rendah, bikarbonat rendah, dan PaCO₂ rendah
Asam keto menghabiskan bikarbonat sehingga menyebabkan asidosis metabolik. Pernapasan Kussmaul menurunkan PaCO₂ sebagai kompensasi respiratorik.
Jawaban: A · Ethanol and carbon dioxide
Yeast carries out alcoholic fermentation, turning pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The CO₂ makes bread rise, and the ethanol evaporates during baking. Human muscle cells make lactic acid instead.
Jawaban: B · Two variables were changed, so the cause is unclear
Both fertiliser and light differ between the plants, so the extra growth could be due to either. A fair test changes only the independent variable and keeps everything else the same.
Jawaban: B · The equilibrium shifts toward the reactants
For an exothermic reaction, heat is like a product. Adding heat shifts the equilibrium backward to absorb it, so the yield of products falls.
Jawaban: D · Seawater is hypertonic, so the body loses extra water getting rid of the salt
Seawater has a much higher salt concentration than body fluids. The kidneys must use more water to excrete the extra salt than the seawater supplied, so the body ends up losing water.
Jawaban: A · rose
“Rise” (rise, rose, risen) means to go up without an object. “Raised” needs an object, as in “The nurse raised the bed.”
Jawaban: A · Her salary is higher than her manager’s.
“Her manager’s” means “her manager’s salary”, so salary is compared with salary. B and C compare a salary with a person, and D uses a double comparative.
Jawaban: B · Ability to produce the intended effect
Efficacy is the power of a treatment to produce the result it is meant to produce.
Jawaban: B · A collection of blood in the tissues
A haematoma (US: hematoma) is a localised collection of clotted blood outside the vessels, such as a large bruise.
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