動力学：直前対策パック

Motion with constant acceleration: v = v₀ + a·t, s = v₀·t + ½·a·t² and v² = v₀² + 2·a·s. Pick the equation that contains the three things you know and the one you want, and keep the signs consistent with one positive direction.

Motion with constant acceleration: v = v₀ + a·t, s = v₀·t + ½·a·t² and v² = v₀² + 2·a·s. Pick the equation that contains the three things you know and the one you want, and keep the signs consistent with one positive direction.

ニュートンの運動の第 2 法則：物体にはたらく合力は、質量と加速度の積に等しくなります：ΣF = m·a。自由体図を描き、運動の向きに正の向きを決めて、その向きのすべての力を足し合わせましょう：加えた力、運動を妨げる向きの摩擦力 μ·N、重力の成分です。

Newton’s second law: the net force on a body equals its mass times its acceleration, ΣF = m·a. Draw a free-body diagram, choose a positive direction along the motion, and add every force in that direction: applied forces, friction μ·N against the motion, and the components of gravity.

放物運動：空気抵抗がなければ x = v_xt、y = h + v_yt − ½gt²。2 つの方向は独立で、共通なのは時間だけです。

Projectile motion: with no air resistance, x = v_xt and y = h + v_yt − ½gt². The two directions are independent except that they share the same time.

Uniform circular motion: an object moving at speed v on a circle of radius r accelerates towards the centre with a = v²/r, so it needs a net inward force F = m·v²/r. That force is supplied by something real: friction, tension, gravity or a normal force.

等速円運動：半径 r の円周上を速さ v で動く物体は、中心向きに a = v²/r の加速度をもつので、中心向きの合力 F = m·v²/r が必要です。この力は、摩擦力、張力、重力、垂直抗力など、実際にはたらく力によって与えられます。

仕事とエネルギーの原理：運動エネルギーの変化は、すべての力がした仕事に等しくなります。重力とばねを位置エネルギー（mgh と ½kx²）として書くと、収支の式になります：初めのエネルギー = 終わりのエネルギー + 摩擦で失われたエネルギー (μN·d)。

仕事とエネルギーの原理：運動エネルギーの変化は、すべての力がした仕事に等しくなります。重力とばねを位置エネルギー（mgh と ½kx²）として書くと、収支の式になります：初めのエネルギー = 終わりのエネルギー + 摩擦で失われたエネルギー (μN·d)。

Conservation of momentum: when no external force acts during a collision, the total momentum Σm·v before equals the total after. Velocities have a direction, so pick a positive direction and give velocities the other way a minus sign. In an elastic collision kinetic energy is conserved too; in a perfectly inelastic one the bodies stick together.

運動量保存則：衝突の間に外力がはたらかなければ、衝突前の運動量の総和 Σm·v は衝突後の総和に等しくなります。速度には向きがあるので、正の向きを決め、逆向きの速度には負の符号をつけましょう。弾性衝突では運動エネルギーも保存され、完全非弾性衝突では物体どうしが一体となって動きます。

Rotation about a fixed axis: the sum of the moments about the axis equals I·α (ΣM = I·α), just as ΣF = m·a for translation. In energy form, a torque T turning through an angle θ (in radians) does work T·θ, which changes the kinetic energy ½·I·ω²; gravity adds or removes m·g·Δh of the centre of mass. Power is P = T·ω.

Rolling and angular momentum: a body rolling without slipping has v = ω·r, so its kinetic energy is ½·m·v² + ½·I·ω² = ½·m·v²·(1 + I/(m·r²)). Down a slope that gives a = g·sin θ/(1 + I/(m·r²)). When no external moment acts about an axis, the angular momentum about that axis stays constant, I₁·ω₁ = I₂·ω₂, even if kinetic energy is lost.

Gear geometry: the module m sets the tooth size. A gear with N teeth has a pitch diameter d = m·N, two meshing gears have the same module, and their centre distance is a = (d₁ + d₂)/2 = m·(N₁ + N₂)/2. The pitch-line speed is v = π·d·n/60, and the tangential tooth force follows from the torque: F_t = 2T/d.

Gear trains: meshing gears have the same speed at the teeth, so n₁·N₁ = n₂·N₂: the gear with fewer teeth turns faster. Gears on one shaft turn at the same speed. Power is passed on (minus losses), so torque goes up when speed goes down: T₂ = T₁·(N₂/N₁)·η, and P = T·ω with ω = 2π·n/60.

Simple harmonic motion: a mass m on a spring of stiffness k oscillates with angular frequency ω = √(k/m) and period T = 2π/ω = 2π·√(m/k). A simple pendulum of length L has T = 2π·√(L/g). With amplitude A, the largest speed is A·ω, the largest acceleration A·ω² and the energy ½·k·A².

Simple harmonic motion: a mass m on a spring of stiffness k oscillates with angular frequency ω = √(k/m) and period T = 2π/ω = 2π·√(m/k). A simple pendulum of length L has T = 2π·√(L/g). With amplitude A, the largest speed is A·ω, the largest acceleration A·ω² and the energy ½·k·A².

質量–ばね系の自由振動：減衰のない固有角振動数は ω_n = √(k/m)（rad/s）、固有振動数は f_n = ω_n/(2π)（Hz）です。粘性ダンパ c による減衰比は ζ = c/c_c で、臨界減衰係数は c_c = 2·√(k·m) = 2·m·ω_n です。不足減衰系（ζ < 1）は ω_d = ω_n·√(1 − ζ²) で振動します。並列ばねは k = k₁ + k₂ と足し合わせ、直列ばねは逆数で 1/k = 1/k₁ + 1/k₂ と足し合わせます。

質量–ばね系の自由振動：減衰のない固有角振動数は ω_n = √(k/m)（rad/s）、固有振動数は f_n = ω_n/(2π)（Hz）です。粘性ダンパ c による減衰比は ζ = c/c_c で、臨界減衰係数は c_c = 2·√(k·m) = 2·m·ω_n です。不足減衰系（ζ < 1）は ω_d = ω_n·√(1 − ζ²) で振動します。並列ばねは k = k₁ + k₂ と足し合わせ、直列ばねは逆数で 1/k = 1/k₁ + 1/k₂ と足し合わせます。