A patient on carbamazepine becomes confused and has a headache. Which laboratory result would most likely explain this?
AA low serum sodium
BA high serum calcium
CA high serum potassium
DA low serum magnesium
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with diabetes and chronic kidney disease had a CT scan with IV contrast. Two days later, the creatinine has risen from 1.4 to 2.0 mg/dL (124 to 177 µmol/L). Which action is most appropriate?
AIgnore it, because contrast never affects kidney function
BGive extra metformin, because the glucose rises after contrast
CReport it, monitor urine output and hold metformin until reviewed
DRestrict all fluids to protect the kidneys from more contrast
11.薬理学ふつう
ヘンレ係蹄の太い上行脚に作用する利尿薬は?
A浸透圧利尿薬
Bフロセミドなどのループ利尿薬
Cカリウム保持性利尿薬
Dチアジド系利尿薬
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient taking co-trimoxazole develops fever, a spreading blistering rash and painful mouth sores. What is the most likely diagnosis?
AStevens–Johnson syndrome; stop the drug and get urgent medical care
BA mild rash that will settle; continue the drug and give moisturiser
CSunburn caused by the drug; advise sunscreen only
DOral thrush; start an antifungal and continue the antibiotic
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which patient is most typical of a primary spontaneous pneumothorax?
AA middle-aged woman with high blood pressure
BA tall, thin young man who smokes
CAn older woman with long-standing heart failure
DA child with a viral sore throat
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
朝のジゴキシン投与の前に、患者の心尖拍動が54/分で、吐き気があります。看護師はどうすべきですか?
A投与を保留して報告する(中毒の可能性があるため)
B投与して制吐薬も与え、明日脈拍を再確認する
C橈骨動脈の脈拍だけが数えられるので、投与する
D半量を投与し、1時間後に脈拍を再確認する
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
How do DPP-4 inhibitors such as sitagliptin work?
AThey stop the gut from absorbing fat
BThey block glucose reabsorption in the kidney
CThey replace insulin that the pancreas cannot make
DThey prolong the action of gut incretin hormones
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A 74-year-old falls forward and hits their chin. Their arms are much weaker than their legs, and they have burning pain in the hands. Which injury is most likely?
ABrown-Séquard syndrome
BA complete lumbar cord injury
CCauda equina syndrome
DCentral cord syndrome
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which task for a stable patient with an established ileostomy can usually be delegated to a trained healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
ATeaching the patient about high-output risks
BEmptying the pouch and measuring the output
CAssessing the stoma for signs of necrosis
DDeciding whether IV fluids are needed
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with recurrent diverticulitis reports passing air and faecal matter in the urine. What is the most likely cause?
AA simple lower urinary tract infection
BA fistula between the colon and the bladder
CA kidney stone blocking the ureter
DBowel preparation that was taken too quickly
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
How does breast milk jaundice usually differ from early breastfeeding jaundice?
AIt always needs the baby to stop breastfeeding permanently
BIt is caused by too little milk intake
CIt appears in the first 24 hours in a sick baby
DIt appears later, after the first week, in a thriving baby
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Which finding is a sign that the placenta is separating in the third stage of labour?
AA gush of blood and lengthening of the cord
BSudden severe abdominal pain
CThe uterus becomes soft and wide
DImmediate fall in maternal blood pressure
21.小児看護ふつう
A child has impetigo. Which advice helps to stop it spreading?
AShare flannels and towels so the whole family is treated
BPick the crusts off daily so the skin heals faster
CCover the crusts with a thick layer of petroleum jelly and leave them
DUse separate towels, wash hands often and keep nails short
22.小児看護むずかしい
During an insulin infusion for diabetic ketoacidosis, why is potassium monitored closely?
AInsulin moves potassium into the cells, so blood potassium can fall sharply
BPotassium is needed to dissolve the insulin in the drip
CPotassium has no role in DKA; it is a routine test only
DInsulin causes the kidneys to hold on to potassium, so blood levels rise dangerously
23.精神看護ふつう
A woman is convinced that a famous actor she has never met is secretly in love with her and sends her signals through his films. Which type of delusion is this?
ANihilistic
BGrandiose
CErotomanic
DSomatic
24.精神看護むずかしい
A nurse is teaching a patient who has started haloperidol for schizophrenia. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I should get up slowly if I feel dizzy."
B"I should tell the nurse if my neck or jaw muscles feel stiff."
C"I'll avoid alcohol while I'm taking this medicine."
D"I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある新生児の体重は 10 lb 15 oz です。1 lb = 16 oz と 1 kg = 2.2 lb を使って、体重 m をキログラムで求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
10 lb 15 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 処方箋に、経口懸濁液 8時間ごと を 1½ tsp、14 日間と書かれています。1 tsp = 5 mL を用いて、全期間に必要な mL V はいくつですか。
1½ tsp8時間ごと14 日1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 12 kg で、1 回量として 7.5 mg/kg が指示されています。投与量 D を mg で求めなさい。
Starting discharge planning early allows time for teaching, equipment, referrals and support at home, reducing delays and readmissions.
答え
A · On admission, or as early as possible
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Cyanosis
これが答えになる理由
Early hypoxia causes restlessness, anxiety, tachycardia and tachypnoea as the body compensates. Cyanosis appears late, when a lot of haemoglobin is already deoxygenated, so nurses should not wait for it.
答え
D · Cyanosis
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
これが答えになる理由
Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.
答え
B · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
答え: C · New atrial fibrillation, heart rate 150/min, blood pressure 86/50 mmHg, dizzy
これが答えになる理由
Rapid atrial fibrillation with hypotension and dizziness means the heart is not pumping enough blood; the patient is unstable. The other patients are within target or have predictable needs.
答え
C · New atrial fibrillation, heart rate 150/min, blood pressure 86/50 mmHg, dizzy
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · ビタミン K
これが答えになる理由
ワルファリンはビタミン K 依存性凝固因子を阻害します。ビタミン K、大出血ではプロトロンビン複合体製剤がこれを拮抗します。プロタミンはヘパリンを拮抗します。
Carbamazepine (and oxcarbazepine) can cause hyponatremia by increasing the effect of ADH, which can cause confusion, headache and seizures. The drug can also cause serious blood disorders, so the CBC is monitored.
答え
A · A low serum sodium
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Report it, monitor urine output and hold metformin until reviewed
これが答えになる理由
A creatinine rise of 0.3 mg/dL or more within 48 hours meets the criteria for AKI, and contrast is a recognized risk factor, especially in CKD and diabetes. The nurse reports it, monitors fluid balance and holds metformin until kidney function is reviewed, as metformin can accumulate.
答え
C · Report it, monitor urine output and hold metformin until reviewed
11.薬理学
答え: B · フロセミドなどのループ利尿薬
これが答えになる理由
ループ利尿薬は太い上行脚の Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ 共輸送体を遮断し、最も強力な利尿薬です。
答え
B · フロセミドなどのループ利尿薬
12.薬理学
答え: A · Stevens–Johnson syndrome; stop the drug and get urgent medical care
これが答えになる理由
Stevens–Johnson syndrome is a severe drug reaction with skin blistering and mucosal involvement. Sulfonamides are a common cause, and the drug must be stopped immediately.
答え
A · Stevens–Johnson syndrome; stop the drug and get urgent medical care
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · A tall, thin young man who smokes
これが答えになる理由
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax usually occurs in tall, thin young men, often smokers, when small apical blebs rupture. Secondary pneumothorax occurs in people with lung disease such as COPD and tends to be more serious.
答え: D · They prolong the action of gut incretin hormones
これが答えになる理由
DPP-4 inhibitors slow the breakdown of incretins such as GLP-1, so more insulin is released and less glucagon after meals. They rarely cause hypoglycaemia on their own and are weight-neutral.
答え
D · They prolong the action of gut incretin hormones
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Central cord syndrome
これが答えになる理由
Central cord syndrome often follows hyperextension of an arthritic neck. The central fibres, which serve the arms, are affected most, so the arms are weaker than the legs. It is the most common incomplete cord syndrome.
答え
D · Central cord syndrome
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Emptying the pouch and measuring the output
これが答えになる理由
Emptying and measuring output is a routine task. Assessment of the stoma, teaching and decisions about treatment remain with the registered nurse, who reviews the recorded output.
答え
B · Emptying the pouch and measuring the output
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · A fistula between the colon and the bladder
これが答えになる理由
Pneumaturia and faecaluria suggest a colovesical fistula, a recognised complication of diverticulitis (and Crohn's disease or cancer). Recurrent urinary infections are common, and surgery is usually needed.
答え
B · A fistula between the colon and the bladder
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · It appears later, after the first week, in a thriving baby
これが答えになる理由
Breast milk jaundice begins after the first week and can last several weeks in an otherwise healthy, well-fed baby. It is thought to be caused by substances in milk and rarely needs breastfeeding to stop.
答え
D · It appears later, after the first week, in a thriving baby
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · A gush of blood and lengthening of the cord
これが答えになる理由
Signs of placental separation include a gush of blood, lengthening of the cord at the vulva, and a uterus that rises and becomes firm and globular. Severe pain or collapse suggests a complication such as inversion.
答え
A · A gush of blood and lengthening of the cord
21.小児看護
答え: D · Use separate towels, wash hands often and keep nails short
これが答えになる理由
Impetigo spreads easily by touch. Good hand hygiene, separate towels, short nails and avoiding scratching or picking reduce spread, along with the prescribed antibiotic or antiseptic treatment.
答え
D · Use separate towels, wash hands often and keep nails short
22.小児看護
答え: A · Insulin moves potassium into the cells, so blood potassium can fall sharply
これが答えになる理由
Total body potassium is low in DKA, though blood levels may look normal at first. Insulin and correction of acidosis drive potassium into cells, risking hypokalaemia and arrhythmias, so potassium is added to fluids and checked often.
答え
A · Insulin moves potassium into the cells, so blood potassium can fall sharply
23.精神看護
答え: C · Erotomanic
これが答えになる理由
Erotomanic delusions are the false belief that another person, often of higher status, is in love with the patient. They can lead to stalking or unwanted contact.
答え
C · Erotomanic
24.精神看護
答え: D · "I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."
これが答えになる理由
Antipsychotics are continued after symptoms improve, because stopping them early is a major cause of relapse. Any change should be discussed with the prescriber.
答え
D · "I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 4.97 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
オンスからポンドへ
15 oz/16 = 0.9375 lb
10 + 0.9375 = 10.94 lb
ポンドからキログラムへ
m = 10.94/2.2 = 4.972 ≈ 4.97 kg
答え
m = 4.97 kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 315 mL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
全投与期間
V = 7.5 mL × 3/日 × 14 = 315 mL
答え
V = 315 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 90 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
7.5·12 = 90 mg
答え
D = 90 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 49.1 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).