On the first step of the WHO analgesic ladder, which drugs are used?
AGeneral anaesthetic drugs given in low doses
BNon-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
CWeak opioids only, such as codeine
DStrong opioids such as morphine
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
In a patient with sepsis, what does a raised blood lactate suggest?
AThe tissues are not getting enough oxygen
BThe kidneys are making too much urine
CThe patient has eaten recently
DThe infection has been cured
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A visitor with a cold wants to see a patient who has severe neutropenia. What should the nurse advise?
AVisit but avoid touching the patient’s bed
BVisit as usual after washing the hands
CPostpone the visit until the visitor is well
DVisit only if the cold started more than a day ago
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient on airborne precautions for tuberculosis wants to walk in the hallway. What is the best response?
AAllow it, if they avoid the nurses’ station
BAllow it, as long as they walk quickly
CExplain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
DAllow it, as long as the patient wears an N95 respirator in the corridor
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
Which patient should the RN see first after receiving a report from the night nurse?
ADay 3 after bowel surgery, wants a shower and hair wash before breakfast
BDay 4 after bowel surgery, waiting for discharge teaching
CDay 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
DDay 2 after bowel surgery, asking to start a soft diet
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
An infant is choking and cannot cry or breathe. Which technique is correct?
AHolding the infant upside down by the feet
BA blind finger sweep of the mouth
CAbdominal thrusts, as in adults
DBack blows and chest thrusts
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient on the ward has shingles with open blisters. Which people are most at risk from contact?
APeople who have already had chickenpox in childhood and are now healthy
BOnly people over 80 who have already had shingles themselves
CPregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
DNo one, because shingles cannot spread
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with a central venous catheter needs the line removed. Which position reduces the risk of air embolism during removal of a neck or chest line?
ASitting fully upright and taking a deep breath in as the line comes out
BLying flat or slightly head-down, holding the breath or breathing out
CLying on the right side with the legs raised
DStanding up and walking
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with hyperkalemia received IV regular insulin with dextrose. Which result must the nurse monitor closely over the next hours?
AHemoglobin, because insulin causes red cell loss
BSerum sodium, because it rises quickly
CBlood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
DSerum calcium, because it falls sharply
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
看護師が最初に報告すべき患者の結果はどれですか?
A発汗して錯乱している患者の血糖 42 mg/dL(2.3 mmol/L)
B目標をわずかに上回る総コレステロール
C安定した CKD が知られている患者のクレアチニン 1.6 mg/dL(141 µmol/L)
D2 型糖尿病の患者の HbA1c 7.4 %(57 mmol/mol)
11.薬理学ふつう
During an amphotericin B infusion, the patient has fever, chills and shaking. What is the most likely explanation?
AA sign that the drug has been given into an artery
A peripheral cannula site is red, warm, tender and swollen along the vein. What should the nurse do?
AFlush the cannula hard to clear it
BRemove the cannula, document and monitor the site
CLeave it in place, as this is normal after 24 hours
DCover the site and keep using it until it blocks
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on a morphine PCA after surgery is very drowsy, with a respiratory rate of 7/min and pinpoint pupils. SpO₂ is 89%. What should the nurse do first?
AGive a sedative to keep the patient comfortable
BEncourage the patient to keep pressing the PCA button for comfort
CStop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
DLeave the patient to sleep and recheck the observations in an hour
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with type 1 diabetes plans a long cycle ride. Which advice is most appropriate?
ASkip breakfast so the exercise burns body fat
BTake an extra dose of rapid-acting insulin before setting off
CAvoid checking glucose until the ride is over
DCheck glucose before and after, and carry fast-acting carbohydrate
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient has frothy urine and marked leg swelling. Serum albumin is 18 g/L (1.8 g/dL), and BP is normal. The urine shows heavy protein but little blood. What is most likely?
ANephrotic syndrome
BA urethral stricture
CAcute pyelonephritis
DNephritic syndrome
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
How is the height of an epidural sensory block usually checked?
AMeasuring the patient's blood glucose level
BTapping the knee with a reflex hammer and recording the score
CTesting sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
DChecking the colour of the patient's urine
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
外科病棟に4人の患者がいます。看護師が最初にアセスメントすべき患者はどれですか?
A腸の手術の4時間後:脈拍118/分、血圧90/55 mmHg
B手術後3日目:便秘のための下剤を求めている
C好中球減少:1時間前は体温正常で、体調は良好
D安定した回腸ストーマ:パウチ交換の助けを求めている
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
子癇前症の女性が、激しい頭痛と、チカチカした光が見えると訴えています。何を示唆しますか?
A低血糖
B重症の特徴を伴う子癇前症で、子癇のリスクがある
C妊娠後期によくある無害な緊張型頭痛
D硫酸マグネシウムの正常な作用
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Rh 陰性の母親の赤ちゃんが Rh 陰性であることがわかりました。産後の抗 D について正しい対応はどれですか?
A child with sickle cell disease has been exposed to parvovirus B19 (fifth disease). Why is this a concern?
AIt triggers a severe allergic reaction to the virus
BIt makes the child immune to all future crises
CIt can stop red cell production for days and cause severe anaemia
DIt causes the sickle gene to become active in the child
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient asks the nurse for her home phone number so they can keep in touch after discharge. What is the best response?
A"That would be against the rules, so please stop asking about it."
B"I'll give you my number, but please only call me at weekends when I'm not working, and keep it short."
C"I can't give you my number, because our relationship is a professional one. Let's talk about support you can contact after discharge."
D"Of course, as long as you don't tell the other patients."
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient who had been abstinent from alcohol for 6 months has started drinking again. He says, "I've failed completely. There's no point in trying." What is the most helpful response?
A"You obviously weren't serious about stopping."
B"Yes, I'm afraid you've wasted all of your hard work over the last six months."
C"Relapse is common in recovery. Let's look at what led to it and what you learned."
D"You'll have to start a completely new treatment from the beginning."
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の体温は 37.1 °C です。°F = °C × 9/5 + 32 を使って華氏 T に換算してください。小数第1位に丸めてください。
37.1 °C
T = °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 処方箋に、経口懸濁液 1日3回 を ½ tbsp、14 日間と書かれています。懸濁液は 50 mL のボトルで供給されます。1 tbsp = 15 mL を用いて、期間を完了するために供給しなければならないボトルは何本 N ですか(整数)。
½ tbsp1日3回14 日50 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
N =
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 70 kg で、1 回量として 2 mg/kg が指示されています。投与量 D を mg で求めなさい。
70 kg2 mg/kg
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
点滴は 250 mL 中に薬を 25000 単位含みます。指示は 1 時間あたり 1250 単位です。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか?
25000 個/250 mL1250 個/h
R = mL/h
29.点滴速度ふつう
点滴が 60 滴/mL のセットで 40 滴/分で落ちています。患者は 6 時間に何ミリリットル V 受け取りますか?
40 gtt/min60 gtt/mL6 h
V = mL
30.点滴速度むずかしい
100 mg を 250 mL に含む輸液が 30 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 分あたり何マイクログラム D を受け取りますか?
100 mg/250 mL30 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。
答え: B · Non-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
これが答えになる理由
The WHO ladder starts with non-opioids, adds a weak opioid for moderate pain and a strong opioid for severe pain, with adjuvants at any step. It is still widely taught, although current WHO guidance stresses individual assessment over a strict step-by-step approach.
答え
B · Non-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · The tissues are not getting enough oxygen
これが答えになる理由
When tissues are poorly perfused they switch to anaerobic metabolism and produce lactate. A raised lactate in sepsis signals higher risk and the need for urgent treatment.
答え
A · The tissues are not getting enough oxygen
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
これが答えになる理由
Patients with severe neutropenia cannot fight infections well. People with respiratory or other infections should not visit until they are well; other visitors perform hand hygiene.
答え
C · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
これが答えになる理由
Patients on airborne precautions stay in the negative-pressure room with the door closed, leaving only for essential tests while wearing a surgical mask. The nurse explains why and helps the patient cope with confinement.
答え
C · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
これが答えになる理由
New chest pain and tachycardia after surgery could be a myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism. This patient needs immediate assessment; the others have routine needs.
答え
C · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Back blows and chest thrusts
これが答えになる理由
For a choking infant, the nurse gives cycles of five back blows and five chest thrusts. Abdominal thrusts are not used in infants, and blind finger sweeps can push the object deeper.
答え
D · Back blows and chest thrusts
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
これが答えになる理由
Someone who has never had chickenpox can catch chickenpox from contact with shingles blisters. Non-immune pregnant and immunocompromised people are at particular risk, so lesions are covered and precautions followed.
答え
C · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Lying flat or slightly head-down, holding the breath or breathing out
これが答えになる理由
A flat or head-down position and a Valsalva manoeuvre or breath-hold raise central venous pressure, reducing the risk of air being drawn in. An occlusive dressing is then applied.
答え
B · Lying flat or slightly head-down, holding the breath or breathing out
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Blood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
これが答えになる理由
Insulin shifts potassium into cells but also lowers glucose, and hypoglycemia can occur hours later, especially in kidney failure. Glucose is checked frequently, and potassium is rechecked, as the effect lasts only a few hours.確認に用いた資料:High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え: C · A common infusion reaction to amphotericin B
これが答えになる理由
Amphotericin B often causes fever, rigors and nausea during infusion. Premedication and a slower rate can reduce them, and kidney function and electrolytes are monitored.
答え: B · Remove the cannula, document and monitor the site
これが答えになる理由
Redness, pain, warmth and swelling along the vein indicate phlebitis. The cannula is removed, the site is observed for infection and the event is documented. Regular visual phlebitis scoring and removing cannulas that are no longer needed reduce the risk.
答え
B · Remove the cannula, document and monitor the site
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
これが答えになる理由
Sedation and slow breathing are warning signs of opioid toxicity. The nurse stops the opioid, stimulates the patient, opens the airway, gives oxygen, calls for help and gives naloxone per protocol. Naloxone is short-acting, so the patient is monitored for recurrence.
答え
C · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Check glucose before and after, and carry fast-acting carbohydrate
これが答えになる理由
Exercise increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, so hypos can occur during and for hours after activity. Checking glucose, carrying carbohydrate and, if advised, adjusting insulin or food reduce the risk.
答え
D · Check glucose before and after, and carry fast-acting carbohydrate
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Nephrotic syndrome
これが答えになる理由
Heavy proteinuria, very low albumin and oedema point to nephrotic syndrome. Nephritic syndrome is mainly haematuria with hypertension and reduced urine output. The cause is investigated, often with a biopsy.
答え
A · Nephrotic syndrome
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Testing sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
これが答えになる理由
The level at which the patient no longer feels cold shows the upper extent of the sensory block. Motor block is assessed with a scale such as Bromage. A rising block or new weakness is reported.
答え
C · Testing sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
答え: C · It can stop red cell production for days and cause severe anaemia
これが答えになる理由
Parvovirus B19 temporarily stops red cell production. Healthy children barely notice this, but in sickle cell disease red cells survive only a short time, so an aplastic crisis with severe anaemia can develop and may need transfusion.
答え
C · It can stop red cell production for days and cause severe anaemia
23.精神看護
答え: C · "I can't give you my number, because our relationship is a professional one. Let's talk about support you can contact after discharge."
これが答えになる理由
Personal contact outside the therapeutic relationship crosses a professional boundary. The nurse explains the boundary kindly and redirects to appropriate after-discharge support.
答え
C · "I can't give you my number, because our relationship is a professional one. Let's talk about support you can contact after discharge."
24.精神看護
答え: C · "Relapse is common in recovery. Let's look at what led to it and what you learned."
これが答えになる理由
Relapse is common and does not mean failure. Treating it as a learning opportunity, reviewing triggers and coping strategies and returning to the plan supports the person's motivation.
答え
C · "Relapse is common in recovery. Let's look at what led to it and what you learned."
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 98.8 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
37.1·9/5 = 66.78
32を足す
T = 66.78 + 32 = 98.78 ≈ 98.8 °F
答え
T = 98.8 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: N = 7
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
合計容量
7.5 mL × 3 × 14 = 315 mL
ボトル
315/50 = 6.3 → N = 7
答え
N = 7
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 140 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
2·70 = 140 mg
答え
D = 140 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 12.5 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
25000/250 = 100 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 1250/100 = 12.5 mL/h
答え
R = 12.5 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 240 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
40·60/60 = 40 mL/h
体積
V = 40·6 = 240 mL
答え
V = 240 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: D = 200 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 16/min → 0
SpO₂ 89% → 3
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 130 mmHg → 0
HR 70/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 39.2 °C → 2
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 = 7
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
高
答え
高
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
これは独自の練習教材です。ExamProblems はこの試験を実施する団体とは提携しておらず、その承認も受けていません。試験名は内容を説明するためにのみ使用しています。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN®はthe National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN)の商標です。同団体はExamProblemsと提携しておらず、推奨も正確性の保証もしていません。