練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある成人の体重は 106 kg、身長は 191 cm です。BMI を計算し、WHO の体重区分をクリックしてください。
106 kg191 cm
1低体重(やせ)
2普通体重
3過体重
4肥満クラスI
5肥満クラスII
6肥満クラスIII
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: C · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
これが答えになる理由
Enteric coatings stop the tablet dissolving until it reaches the small intestine, protecting the stomach lining or the drug from stomach acid. Crushing destroys this protection.
答え
C · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
答え: A · Wash the area with soap and water, then follow the reporting policy
これが答えになる理由
Blood on intact skin carries very little risk of bloodborne infection, but it is still washed off promptly and handled according to policy. Bleach damages skin, and prophylaxis is for higher-risk exposures.
答え
A · Wash the area with soap and water, then follow the reporting policy
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · “I will take it at breakfast with my calcium tablet.”
これが答えになる理由
Levothyroxine is best absorbed on an empty stomach and is separated from calcium and iron by several hours. It is usually lifelong, so it is not stopped when the patient feels better.
答え
B · “I will take it at breakfast with my calcium tablet.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Give prescribed opioids and use positioning and a fan to relieve breathlessness
これが答えになる理由
In palliative care, opioids are used to relieve breathlessness, along with positioning, a fan and calm reassurance. The aim is comfort, not more investigations.
答え
D · Give prescribed opioids and use positioning and a fan to relieve breathlessness
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Fluid balance, regular weights and urea, creatinine and electrolytes
これが答えになる理由
IV fluids can cause overload or electrolyte imbalance. Fluid balance charts, weight, clinical assessment and blood tests guide the prescription.
答え
C · Fluid balance, regular weights and urea, creatinine and electrolytes
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · A fall in blood pressure
これが答えになる理由
Young adults compensate for blood loss with tachycardia and vasoconstriction, so blood pressure may stay normal until a large volume is lost. Hypotension is therefore a late and serious sign.
答え
B · A fall in blood pressure
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Average glucose over the past months has been above the target
これが答えになる理由
An HbA1c of 7.8% shows that average glucose has been above the individual target over about 2–3 months. The nurse explores diet, activity, medication use and barriers, and the treatment plan may be adjusted.確認に用いた資料:Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Average glucose over the past months has been above the target
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L) in a patient who had insulin an hour ago
これが答えになる理由
Hypoglycemia after insulin can quickly cause seizures and loss of consciousness, so it is treated first. Mild anemia in CKD is expected, an INR of 2.6 is within the target range, and a slightly raised white count is common after surgery.確認に用いた資料:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L) in a patient who had insulin an hour ago
11.薬理学
答え: A · It stimulates muscarinic receptors and contracts the bladder muscle
これが答えになる理由
Bethanechol mimics acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, contracting the detrusor muscle. It must not be used if there is mechanical obstruction to outflow.
答え
A · It stimulates muscarinic receptors and contracts the bladder muscle
答え: C · A stiff ventricle that fills poorly in diastole
これが答えになる理由
In HFpEF, the left ventricle is stiff and relaxes poorly, so filling pressures rise and cause congestion even though the ejection fraction is normal. It is common in older people with hypertension, diabetes and obesity. HFrEF is mainly a problem of contraction.
答え
C · A stiff ventricle that fills poorly in diastole
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Higher chest pressure reduces venous return to the heart
これが答えになる理由
PEEP keeps alveoli open and improves oxygenation, but higher intrathoracic pressure impedes venous return, reducing preload and cardiac output, especially in hypovolaemic patients. The team may give fluid or adjust PEEP. High pressures also risk barotrauma.
答え
D · Higher chest pressure reduces venous return to the heart
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · After about 6–8 weeks
これが答えになる理由
Levothyroxine has a half-life of about a week, so it takes several weeks to reach a new steady state. TSH is usually rechecked about 6–8 weeks after a dose change.
答え
A · After about 6–8 weeks
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
これが答えになる理由
Patients usually cannot feel pain below the injury, so pain cannot warn them of pressure damage. They need daily skin checks, often with a mirror, regular pressure relief and good skin hygiene.
答え
A · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · It increases gut movement against the blockage
これが答えになる理由
Metoclopramide stimulates gastric and intestinal motility, which can worsen pain and risk perforation in complete mechanical obstruction. Other antiemetics are chosen.
答え
C · It increases gut movement against the blockage
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Regular ibuprofen for back pain
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs can cause kidney injury, fluid retention and GI bleeding in cirrhosis and should be avoided. Paracetamol at a reduced, carefully reviewed dose is usually preferred for pain.
答え
A · Regular ibuprofen for back pain
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Kleihauer–Betke test
これが答えになる理由
The Kleihauer–Betke test (or flow cytometry) measures fetal red cells in maternal blood after a sensitising event such as trauma or birth. The result guides whether extra anti-D is needed.
答え: B · They can be introduced from around 6 months as part of solids, and delaying them does not prevent allergy
これが答えになる理由
Delaying common allergens does not prevent allergy, and early introduction may reduce the risk of peanut allergy. Peanut is given as smooth butter or powder, never whole nuts; infants with severe eczema or known food allergy may need specialist advice first.
答え
B · They can be introduced from around 6 months as part of solids, and delaying them does not prevent allergy
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
1000 mg/4 mL = 250 mg/mL
体積
V = 250/250 = 1 mL
答え
V = 1 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 50 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
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