A dying patient's breathing gets deeper and faster, then shallower, followed by a pause with no breathing, in a repeating cycle. What is this pattern called?
AKussmaul breathing
BCheyne–Stokes breathing
CParadoxical breathing
DBiot's breathing
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A child has swallowed a button battery. Why is this urgent?
AIt always passes through the gut without harm
BThe only risk is poisoning from heavy metals years later
CIt can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
DIt is only harmful if several batteries are swallowed
An infant is choking and cannot cry or breathe. Which technique is correct?
ABack blows and chest thrusts
BHolding the infant upside down by the feet
CA blind finger sweep of the mouth
DAbdominal thrusts, as in adults
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which is a recognised risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting?
AA short operation under local anaesthetic
BUse of opioids after surgery
CBeing male
DBeing a smoker
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient who used sildenafil the day before develops chest pain. Why is glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, nitroglycerin) normally avoided?
ASildenafil stops GTN from being absorbed under the tongue at all
BThe combination causes severe hyperkalaemia
CGTN makes sildenafil toxic to the liver
DThe combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
ジゴキシンの投与予定の患者のカリウムが 3.1 mEq/L です。この結果が重要なのはなぜですか?
A低カリウムはジゴキシンを効かなくするので、用量を 2 倍にすべきため
B低カリウムは、ジゴキシン中毒のリスクを高めるため
Cカリウムとジゴキシンは相互作用しないため
D低カリウムは、ジゴキシンの副作用から心臓を守るため
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
Ten days after chemotherapy, a patient has a platelet count of 9 × 10³/µL and reports a sudden severe headache and blurred vision. What is the priority?
AAssess neurological status and report it at once as possible brain bleeding
BDim the lights and encourage rest, as headaches are common after chemotherapy
CGive acetaminophen (paracetamol) for the headache and reassess in 1 hour
DEncourage the patient to drink more fluids and check the blood pressure later
11.薬理学ふつう
How does sucralfate help a peptic ulcer heal?
AIt kills Helicobacter pylori directly
BIt forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
CIt neutralises acid by releasing bicarbonate
DIt blocks histamine H2 receptors in the stomach
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with severe liver cirrhosis takes oral propranolol, a drug with a high first-pass metabolism. What effect is expected?
AThe first-pass effect increases, so the drug becomes inactive
BMore drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
CLess drug is absorbed from the gut, so a higher dose is needed
DThe drug is excreted faster by the kidney, so it works for a shorter time
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why must intravenous potassium chloride never be given as a rapid push or undiluted?
AIt turns into solid crystals inside the vein and blocks it
BIt immediately lowers the blood glucose to dangerous levels
CA sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
DIt works only when given by mouth
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
During CPR on an adult, a nurse notices a colleague compressing at about 140/min and leaning on the chest between compressions. Which correction is most appropriate?
AStop compressions until a pulse is felt
BSlow to 100–120/min and allow full chest recoil
CPress more gently, to a depth of about 2 cm
DSpeed up to about 160/min to improve the blood flow
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Several hours after a carotid endarterectomy, which finding needs the most urgent action?
Why are patients with diabetes often placed early on the operating list?
ABecause they need to go home before midday
BBecause their wounds heal faster in the morning
CBecause their surgery always takes longer than others
DTo shorten fasting and reduce swings in blood glucose
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
An incontinent patient has diffuse, shiny, red and broken skin in the natal cleft and buttocks with irregular edges, not over a bony prominence. What is most likely?
AA full-thickness burn
BIncontinence-associated dermatitis
CAn arterial ulcer caused by poor circulation
DA category 4 pressure ulcer over the sacrum
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which breastfeeding mother should be advised not to breastfeed?
AA mother receiving chemotherapy
BA mother with a common cold
CA mother with mastitis
DA mother who had a caesarean birth
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
分娩中の女性は子宮口が 8 cm 開大しています。胎児心拍数に、収縮の開始と終了とともに始まり、その形と鏡写しになる一過性徐脈があり、細変動は中等度です。適切な対応はどれですか?
A不安を減らすためにモニターを切る
Bモニタリングを続ける。このパターンは良性である
Cすべての輸液を止める
D緊急帝王切開に備える
21.小児看護ふつう
Why should a child with rubella avoid contact with pregnant women?
AThe child may catch a pregnancy-related infection
BRubella causes pregnant women to go into labour early
CRubella in early pregnancy can cause serious birth defects
DPregnant women always develop severe pneumonia if they catch rubella
22.小児看護むずかしい
6 歳児が、扁桃摘出術後の痛みに対してコデインを処方されました。看護師はどうすべきですか?
A投与する前に、処方者に指示への疑義を確認する
B弱いオピオイドなので、2 倍量を投与する
C誰にも言わずに、粉砕して子どものミルクに混ぜる
Dコデインはすべての子どもで安全なので、投与する
23.精神看護ふつう
Which psychological treatment is most effective for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
AEncouraging the patient to perform the rituals more often
BHypnosis to remove the obsessive thoughts permanently in a single session
CPsychoanalysis focused on early childhood memories
DExposure and response prevention, a form of CBT
24.精神看護むずかしい
According to DSM-5, which childhood condition is a requirement for a later diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder?
AEvidence of conduct disorder starting before age 15
BSeparation anxiety disorder in early childhood
CA diagnosis of ADHD before age 7
DAutism spectrum disorder diagnosed before school age
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 投与が 12:20 AM と記録されています。24時間表記で同じ時刻の記載はどれですか。クリックしてください。
12:20 AM
112:20
201:20
300:20
424:20
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 維持輸液が 50 mL/h で休みなく続いています。24時間で何リットル V を投与しますか。
50 mL/h24 h
V = L
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 16 kg の子どもに、2.5 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 10 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
16 kg2.5 mg/kg10 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 2.48 mg です。アンプルは 1 mL あたり 4000 マイクログラムを含みます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
2.48 mg4000 mcg/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
20 滴/mL の輸液セットで 1500 mL を 10 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
1500 mL10 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
400 mg を 500 mL に含む輸液が 15 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 分あたり何マイクログラム D を受け取りますか?
400 mg/500 mL15 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。
Cheyne–Stokes breathing is a cyclical rise and fall in depth with periods of apnoea. It is common near the end of life and in severe heart failure or brain injury.
答え
B · Cheyne–Stokes breathing
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
これが答えになる理由
A button battery lodged in the esophagus can cause severe chemical burns within a few hours, so the child needs emergency assessment and often removal. It should never be treated as harmless.
答え
C · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
For a choking infant, the nurse gives cycles of five back blows and five chest thrusts. Abdominal thrusts are not used in infants, and blind finger sweeps can push the object deeper.
答え
A · Back blows and chest thrusts
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Use of opioids after surgery
これが答えになる理由
Known risk factors include opioids, female sex, being a non-smoker, previous PONV or motion sickness and longer general anaesthetics. High-risk patients may be given preventive antiemetics.
答え
B · Use of opioids after surgery
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
これが答えになる理由
PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil enhance the vasodilating effect of nitrates, which can cause profound hypotension. Patients should always be asked about these drugs before nitrates are given.
答え
D · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
答え: A · Assess neurological status and report it at once as possible brain bleeding
これが答えになる理由
Platelet counts usually reach their lowest point (nadir) about 7–14 days after chemotherapy. With a count below 10 × 10³/µL, a sudden severe headache or visual change may signal intracranial bleeding, which is an emergency. The nurse assesses neurological status and reports it immediately.確認に用いた資料:Bleeding and Bruising (Thrombocytopenia) and Cancer Treatment · National Cancer Institute (NIH) (2022); Pancytopenia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答え
A · Assess neurological status and report it at once as possible brain bleeding
11.薬理学
答え: B · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
これが答えになる理由
Sucralfate forms a gel-like barrier that sticks to the ulcer and protects it from acid and pepsin. It is taken on an empty stomach and can reduce the absorption of other drugs taken at the same time.
答え
B · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
12.薬理学
答え: B · More drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
これが答えになる理由
In cirrhosis, less of the oral dose is removed by the liver on its first pass, partly because blood bypasses the liver through shunts. Bioavailability and plasma levels rise, so doses of such drugs often need to be reduced.
答え
B · More drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · A sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
これが答えになる理由
Rapid or concentrated IV potassium can cause cardiac arrest. It is given diluted, by infusion, at controlled rates (often with a pump and ECG monitoring for higher rates). Concentrated ampoules are tightly controlled in hospitals because of fatal errors.
答え
C · A sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Slow to 100–120/min and allow full chest recoil
これが答えになる理由
High-quality adult CPR uses a rate of 100–120/min, a depth of 5–6 cm, full recoil after each compression and minimal interruptions. Leaning prevents the chest from re-expanding, so the heart fills less. Compressors should swap about every 2 minutes to avoid fatigue.
答え
B · Slow to 100–120/min and allow full chest recoil
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · An expanding neck swelling with noisy breathing
これが答えになる理由
A neck haematoma after carotid surgery can compress the airway quickly. It needs immediate senior help and may need the wound opened. Neurological checks for new stroke and cranial nerve damage are also part of routine care.
答え
B · An expanding neck swelling with noisy breathing
答え: D · To shorten fasting and reduce swings in blood glucose
これが答えになる理由
Shorter fasting reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia and makes it easier to restart normal eating and medicines. Glucose is monitored, and a variable-rate insulin infusion may be used for longer fasts.
答え
D · To shorten fasting and reduce swings in blood glucose
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Incontinence-associated dermatitis
これが答えになる理由
Incontinence-associated dermatitis is inflammation from urine or faeces, with diffuse redness and superficial erosion. It is managed with gentle cleansing, barrier products and managing incontinence, and is different from a pressure ulcer.
答え
B · Incontinence-associated dermatitis
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · A mother receiving chemotherapy
これが答えになる理由
Breastfeeding is contraindicated with most cytotoxic chemotherapy, untreated active tuberculosis, use of illicit drugs, and in an infant with galactosaemia. Mastitis and colds are not reasons to stop.
答え: C · Rubella in early pregnancy can cause serious birth defects
これが答えになる理由
Congenital rubella syndrome can cause deafness, eye defects such as cataracts, heart defects and developmental problems, especially when infection occurs early in pregnancy. MMR vaccination protects against this.
答え
C · Rubella in early pregnancy can cause serious birth defects
答え: D · Exposure and response prevention, a form of CBT
これが答えになる理由
In exposure and response prevention, the patient is gradually exposed to the anxiety-provoking trigger and resists the compulsion. Anxiety falls over time without the ritual, weakening the cycle. SSRIs are the main medicines used.
答え
D · Exposure and response prevention, a form of CBT
24.精神看護
答え: A · Evidence of conduct disorder starting before age 15
これが答えになる理由
Antisocial personality disorder can only be diagnosed in adults aged 18 or older, and there must be evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15.
答え
A · Evidence of conduct disorder starting before age 15
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 18/min → 0
SpO₂ 97% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 124 mmHg → 0
HR 82/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.2 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
3点のパラメータはありません。
リスク群
低
答え
低
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