A patient's hearing aid keeps whistling. What is the most likely cause?
AThe battery is completely flat
BThe patient's hearing has improved
CThe volume is turned right down
DIt is not fitted properly in the ear
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient says, "I've bought nicotine patches and I'm stopping smoking on Monday." Which stage of change is this?
APreparation
BMaintenance
CContemplation
DAction
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
医療廃棄物(感染性廃棄物)として処分すべきドレッシング関連のごみはどれですか?
A使用期限を過ぎた、未使用で封のままのドレッシング
B滅菌ドレッシングパックの外側の紙包装
C感染した創からの滲出液を吸ったドレッシング
D手を拭くのに使った清潔なペーパータオル
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse notices that the pharmacy has sent the wrong dose and corrects it before giving it. Should the event be reported?
ANo, because the patient was not harmed
BNo, because reporting near misses only blames the pharmacy staff for nothing
CYes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
DOnly if the same error happens three times
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A pregnant nurse is on the unit. Which patient should the charge nurse avoid assigning to her?
AA patient with type 2 diabetes who needs insulin teaching before discharge
BA patient with a fractured wrist
CA patient with a sealed radioactive implant for cervical cancer
DA patient after a hip replacement
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with severe sepsis starts oozing blood from IV sites and the gums, and bruises appear on the skin. What should the nurse suspect?
ADisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
BVitamin C deficiency
CAn allergic reaction to the adhesive tape
DNormal bruising from blood tests
7.臨床看護学ふつう
What happens in third-degree (complete) heart block?
ANo impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
BThe ventricles beat very fast and regularly
CThe atria beat chaotically with no P waves, and the ventricular rate is irregular
DEvery impulse reaches the ventricles, but each one is slightly delayed
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Which task is most appropriate for a registered nurse to delegate to a trained healthcare assistant (unlicensed assistive personnel)?
AMeasuring and recording vital signs on a stable patient
BGiving a dose of intravenous antibiotic
CTeaching a patient to inject insulin for the first time
DAssessing a patient who has just reported new chest pain
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
肝不全の患者が、ワルファリンを服用していないのに INR が上昇することがあるのはなぜですか?
Aアルブミンは凝固因子であり、その値が低下する
Bビリルビンが、凝固因子を直接破壊する
C腎臓が、血液中から凝固因子を排除しなくなる
D肝臓が大半の凝固因子を作るため、産生が低下する
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient started methimazole for hyperthyroidism 6 weeks ago and now has a fever and a severe sore throat. Which action is most important?
AGive the next dose and suggest warm salt-water gargles for comfort
BCheck the TSH and double the dose if it is still low
CAdvise the patient to continue the drug and drink more fluid
DHold the drug and arrange an urgent white cell and neutrophil count
11.薬理学ふつう
ヘンレ係蹄の太い上行脚に作用する利尿薬は?
Aカリウム保持性利尿薬
Bフロセミドなどのループ利尿薬
Cチアジド系利尿薬
D浸透圧利尿薬
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on digoxin is started on amiodarone. What change should the nurse expect?
ADigoxin levels fall sharply, so the digoxin dose is doubled
BDigoxin levels rise, so the digoxin dose is often reduced
CNo interaction is expected
DAmiodarone levels fall to zero
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How can a patient reduce wound pain when coughing after abdominal surgery?
AHold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
BAvoid coughing completely until all the stitches are removed
CHold the breath for as long as possible
DLie flat on the back with the legs straight
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with asthma needs their reliever every three hours and their peak flow is falling well below their personal best. What does their action plan most likely advise?
AWait two weeks to see whether it improves without any change
BFollow the worsening-asthma steps and get a same-day review
CStop the preventer inhaler for a few days to rest the lungs
DDo extra exercise to open the airways
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
An older patient with a long-term catheter has bacteria in the urine but no symptoms. What is usually appropriate?
AAntibiotics for life to keep the urine sterile
BA full course of antibiotics straight away
CRemove the catheter permanently at once
DNo antibiotics, as long as there are no symptoms
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with SIADH is taught about a fluid restriction. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will count all drinks, including soup, in my daily total."
B"If I feel thirsty, I can drink as much water as I like."
C"I will weigh myself every morning."
D"I will report any headaches or confusion."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why are patients with diabetes often placed early on the operating list?
ATo shorten fasting and reduce swings in blood glucose
BBecause their wounds heal faster in the morning
CBecause they need to go home before midday
DBecause their surgery always takes longer than others
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
On day 5 after a major burn, a patient is confused, with a temperature of 39.2 °C, tachycardia, and an offensive, discoloured wound. What should the nurse suspect?
ADelirium from boredom on the ward
BAn allergy to the dressing only
CBurn wound infection with sepsis
DThe normal hypermetabolic response alone
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A breastfed baby has jaundice in the first week with poor feeding and few wet nappies. What is the most likely cause?
ASuboptimal intake jaundice
BABO incompatibility
CBiliary atresia with obstruction
DBreast milk jaundice
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A small for gestational age baby is born at term. Which complications should the nurse anticipate?
AHyperglycaemia, fever and anaemia
BMacrosomia and shoulder dystocia
CHypoglycaemia, hypothermia and polycythaemia
DRespiratory distress from surfactant deficiency only
21.小児看護ふつう
子どものネフローゼ症候群に典型的な所見の組み合わせはどれですか?
A発熱、排尿痛、背部痛
B頻尿、口渇、体重減少
C大量の蛋白尿、血清アルブミンの低下、全身の浮腫
D血尿、高血圧、最近の咽頭痛
22.小児看護むずかしい
A preterm baby on milk feeds develops a distended abdomen, larger gastric aspirates and blood in the stool. What should the nurse do first?
AStop feeds and report at once
BGive a glycerine suppository and wait
CRecord it and review at the next feed
DIncrease the feeds to help the bowel work
23.精神看護ふつう
カルバマゼピンに関連する重篤な有害作用はどれですか?
A主に美容上の問題である、多毛と歯肉増殖のみ
B急激な体重減少
C無顆粒球症などの血液疾患と、重い皮膚反応
D難聴
24.精神看護むずかしい
A nurse is teaching a patient with anxiety how to do progressive muscle relaxation. Which instruction is correct?
AHold your breath for as long as possible while lying completely still on the floor
BDo the exercise only during a panic attack, never at other times
CTense each muscle group in turn for a few seconds, then let go and notice the difference
DTense all your muscles at once and keep them tight for 10 minutes
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の身長は 4 ft 0 in です。1 ft = 12 in と 1 in = 2.54 cm を使って、身長 h をセンチメートルで、cm の整数に丸めて求めてください。
4 ft 0 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 18:50 に始まり、翌朝の 04:40 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何時間 t 続きましたか。答えは時間の小数で、小数第2位に丸めてください。
18:5004:40
t = h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 6 kg の子どもに、5 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 25 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
6 kg5 mg/kg25 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 3650 単位で、薬は 5000 単位/mL で供給されます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
3650 units5000 units/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
1500 mL を 6 時間で投与するよう指示されています。4 時間後、バッグにまだ 580 mL 残っていることがわかりましたが、予定どおりの時間に終える必要があります。 ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定し直す必要がありますか?
1500 mL / 6 h経過時間 4 h: 580 mL
R = mL/h
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグは 50 mL 中に薬を 200 mg 含み、8 mL/h で投与されています。患者が受け取るのは 1 時間あたり何 mg D ですか?
200 mg/50 mL8 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
Whistling is feedback, usually from a poor fit, earwax or a damaged tube. Refitting the aid or checking for wax usually solves it; a flat battery makes it silent.
答え
D · It is not fitted properly in the ear
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Preparation
これが答えになる理由
In preparation the person intends to act soon and has taken small steps, such as buying patches. Action begins when they actually stop smoking.
答え: C · Yes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
これが答えになる理由
Near misses show where errors can slip through and are reported in the same way as errors that reach the patient. Learning from them prevents future harm.
答え
C · Yes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · A patient with a sealed radioactive implant for cervical cancer
これが答えになる理由
A sealed radioactive implant (brachytherapy) emits radiation, and pregnant staff should not care for these patients. The other patients pose no special risk to a pregnancy.
答え
C · A patient with a sealed radioactive implant for cervical cancer
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
これが答えになる理由
In DIC, widespread clotting uses up platelets and clotting factors, causing bleeding from many sites. It is a serious complication of sepsis that needs urgent escalation.
答え
A · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · No impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
これが答えになる理由
In complete heart block the atria and ventricles are dissociated, and a slow escape rhythm drives the ventricles. Patients may be dizzy or collapse and often need pacing.
答え
A · No impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Measuring and recording vital signs on a stable patient
これが答えになる理由
Routine observations on a stable patient are within the role of a trained assistant, with the nurse remaining accountable and reviewing the results. Assessment of new symptoms, IV medicines and initial teaching need registered nurse skills.
答え
A · Measuring and recording vital signs on a stable patient
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · 肝臓が大半の凝固因子を作るため、産生が低下する
これが答えになる理由
肝臓は、ビタミン K 依存性のものを含め、大半の凝固因子を作ります。重度の肝疾患ではその産生が低下するため、INR が上昇します。INR の上昇は、肝不全の重症度を示すマーカーの 1 つです。確認に用いた資料:Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · 肝臓が大半の凝固因子を作るため、産生が低下する
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Hold the drug and arrange an urgent white cell and neutrophil count
これが答えになる理由
Methimazole and propylthiouracil can cause agranulocytosis, often in the first months of therapy. Fever or sore throat must be reported at once; the drug is held and a CBC with differential is checked. Infection is treated urgently if neutrophils are low.
答え
D · Hold the drug and arrange an urgent white cell and neutrophil count
11.薬理学
答え: B · フロセミドなどのループ利尿薬
これが答えになる理由
ループ利尿薬は太い上行脚の Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ 共輸送体を遮断し、最も強力な利尿薬です。
答え
B · フロセミドなどのループ利尿薬
12.薬理学
答え: B · Digoxin levels rise, so the digoxin dose is often reduced
これが答えになる理由
Amiodarone inhibits P-glycoprotein and reduces digoxin clearance, so digoxin levels rise. The digoxin dose is often reduced, and the patient is monitored for bradycardia and toxicity; amiodarone also raises warfarin levels.
答え
B · Digoxin levels rise, so the digoxin dose is often reduced
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
これが答えになる理由
Splinting the incision with a pillow or folded towel supports the wound, reduces pain and makes effective coughing easier. Combined with good analgesia and deep breathing, this helps clear secretions and prevents atelectasis and pneumonia.
答え
A · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Follow the worsening-asthma steps and get a same-day review
これが答えになる理由
Personal asthma action plans set steps based on symptoms and peak flow compared with the personal best. Increasing reliever need and a falling peak flow mean worsening asthma: treatment is increased as the plan says (sometimes with oral steroids) and urgent review is sought. Severe signs need emergency care.
答え
B · Follow the worsening-asthma steps and get a same-day review
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · No antibiotics, as long as there are no symptoms
これが答えになる理由
Nearly all long-term catheters become colonised. Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria does not improve outcomes and promotes resistance. Antibiotics are reserved for symptomatic infection.
答え
D · No antibiotics, as long as there are no symptoms
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · "If I feel thirsty, I can drink as much water as I like."
これが答えになる理由
In SIADH, the body keeps too much water. Drinking freely when thirsty would lower the sodium further. All fluids count towards the restriction. Daily weights and reporting neurological symptoms are correct.
答え
B · "If I feel thirsty, I can drink as much water as I like."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · To shorten fasting and reduce swings in blood glucose
これが答えになる理由
Shorter fasting reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia and makes it easier to restart normal eating and medicines. Glucose is monitored, and a variable-rate insulin infusion may be used for longer fasts.
答え
A · To shorten fasting and reduce swings in blood glucose
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Burn wound infection with sepsis
これが答えになる理由
Burn patients are at high risk of infection. Wound changes with systemic deterioration suggest sepsis, needing urgent escalation, cultures, IV antibiotics and wound review. The hypermetabolic state causes mild fever, but not these wound changes.
答え
C · Burn wound infection with sepsis
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Suboptimal intake jaundice
これが答えになる理由
Early jaundice with poor intake is linked to insufficient milk, which slows stooling and increases reabsorption of bilirubin. Support with frequent effective feeds is the main treatment.
答え
A · Suboptimal intake jaundice
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Hypoglycaemia, hypothermia and polycythaemia
これが答えになる理由
SGA babies have low glycogen and fat stores, leading to hypoglycaemia and hypothermia. Chronic intrauterine hypoxia increases red cell production, causing polycythaemia.
Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is suspected. Feeds are stopped, the stomach is decompressed, the baby is monitored closely and the medical team is informed urgently for X-ray, antibiotics and possible surgery.
答え: C · Tense each muscle group in turn for a few seconds, then let go and notice the difference
これが答えになる理由
Progressive muscle relaxation involves tensing and then relaxing muscle groups in turn. Regular practice when calm makes it easier to use the skill when anxious.
答え
C · Tense each muscle group in turn for a few seconds, then let go and notice the difference
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 122 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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