A patient has a blood pressure of 210/120 mmHg. Which finding would make this a hypertensive emergency?
ANew chest pain or confusion suggesting organ damage
BA history of high blood pressure for ten years
CForgetting to take the blood pressure tablet this morning
DMild anxiety about the high reading on the monitor
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
After a head injury, a patient passes large amounts of very dilute urine, is thirsty and has a rising serum sodium. Which condition is most likely?
ADiabetic ketoacidosis
BAcute kidney injury with oliguria
CSIADH
DDiabetes insipidus
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A pressure ulcer shows full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone. Which category (stage) is this?
ACategory 2
BCategory 3
CCategory 1
DCategory 4
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient who used sildenafil the day before develops chest pain. Why is glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, nitroglycerin) normally avoided?
ASildenafil stops GTN from being absorbed under the tongue at all
BGTN makes sildenafil toxic to the liver
CThe combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
DThe combination causes severe hyperkalaemia
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient had a right mastectomy with removal of axillary lymph nodes. Where is the best place to draw blood?
AEither arm equally
BThe right arm
CThe right hand
DThe left arm
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with cirrhosis and ascites has fever and abdominal tenderness. The ascitic fluid neutrophil count is 400 cells/mm³. What does this indicate?
ABleeding into the abdominal cavity
BSpontaneous bacterial peritonitis
CNormal ascitic fluid in cirrhosis
DMalignant ascites from cancer
11.薬理学ふつう
Methylergometrine (methylergonovine) is prescribed for postpartum bleeding. Which finding would make the nurse withhold it and check with the prescriber?
ABlood pressure of 160/105 mmHg
BTemperature of 37.2 °C (99 °F)
CHaemoglobin slightly below normal
DHeart rate of 88 per minute
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with myasthenia gravis took extra pyridostigmine doses. She now has increasing weakness, heavy salivation, sweating, small pupils and diarrhoea. What is the most likely cause?
AMyasthenic crisis from too little anticholinesterase drug
BAn allergic reaction to pyridostigmine
CA stroke unrelated to the medication
DCholinergic crisis from too much anticholinesterase drug
答え: C · The patient wears a surgical mask during transport
これが答えになる理由
When an airborne-precaution patient must leave the room, they wear a surgical mask to contain respiratory secretions. Staff in close contact still wear respirators as per policy, and the receiving department is informed.
答え
C · The patient wears a surgical mask during transport
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
これが答えになる理由
Returning unused opioids to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site is the preferred way to dispose of them. Leftover opioids at home can be misused or taken by children or pets.
答え
C · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
答え: A · New chest pain or confusion suggesting organ damage
これが答えになる理由
Severe hypertension becomes an emergency when there is acute organ damage, such as chest pain, neurological changes or kidney injury. It needs urgent, controlled lowering of the blood pressure.
答え
A · New chest pain or confusion suggesting organ damage
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Diabetes insipidus
これが答えになる理由
Damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus can stop the release of antidiuretic hormone, causing diabetes insipidus. The patient loses water, so urine is dilute and sodium rises; SIADH causes the opposite.
答え
D · Diabetes insipidus
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Category 4
これが答えになる理由
Category 4 involves full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Category 3 is full-thickness skin loss without exposed bone or tendon. US (NPIAP) terminology calls these stages rather than categories.
答え
D · Category 4
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
これが答えになる理由
PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil enhance the vasodilating effect of nitrates, which can cause profound hypotension. Patients should always be asked about these drugs before nitrates are given.
答え
C · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · The left arm
これが答えになる理由
After axillary node removal, venipuncture and blood pressure readings are usually avoided on that side to reduce the risk of lymphedema and infection. The opposite arm is used whenever possible, according to policy.
答え
D · The left arm
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
これが答えになる理由
An ascitic neutrophil count of 250 cells/mm³ or more indicates spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which is treated with antibiotics. It can occur without classic signs, so new confusion or worsening kidney function in cirrhosis should also prompt a diagnostic paracentesis.確認に用いた資料:Ascites · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Peritonitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
B · Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
11.薬理学
答え: A · Blood pressure of 160/105 mmHg
これが答えになる理由
Ergot alkaloids cause vasoconstriction and can raise blood pressure sharply. They are contraindicated in hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
答え
A · Blood pressure of 160/105 mmHg
12.薬理学
答え: D · Cholinergic crisis from too much anticholinesterase drug
これが答えになる理由
Excess acetylcholine causes muscarinic signs (salivation, sweating, miosis, diarrhoea) and depolarising weakness. In myasthenic crisis, weakness occurs without these cholinergic signs; both can cause respiratory failure.
答え
D · Cholinergic crisis from too much anticholinesterase drug
答え: A · Itching with bananas, avocado and kiwi, and many operations
これが答えになる理由
Latex–fruit syndrome links latex allergy with foods such as banana, avocado, kiwi and chestnut. Repeated exposure, for example through many operations or catheters, also increases risk.
答え
A · Itching with bananas, avocado and kiwi, and many operations
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Explain the risks without judgement and offer safer treatments
これが答えになる理由
Cannabis in pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and possible effects on brain development. The nurse discusses the risks without judgement, offers safer antiemetics and support and continues care.
答え
D · Explain the risks without judgement and offer safer treatments
答え: D · It adjusts for the larger head and smaller legs of young children
これが答えになる理由
In young children the head makes up a larger share and the legs a smaller share of body surface area than in adults. The Lund and Browder chart adjusts for age, giving a more accurate estimate to guide fluid treatment.
答え
D · It adjusts for the larger head and smaller legs of young children
22.小児看護
答え: A · Deep vein thrombosis
これが答えになる理由
Nephrotic syndrome causes a hypercoagulable state through loss of anticoagulant proteins, raised clotting factors and haemoconcentration. A painful, swollen limb suggests thrombosis and needs urgent medical review.
答え
A · Deep vein thrombosis
23.精神看護
答え: A · It suggests that the patient's choices are judged against the nurse's standards
これが答えになる理由
Approval can make the patient try to please the nurse rather than make their own decisions, and may suggest that the opposite choice would be "bad". Giving recognition or exploring the decision is preferred.
答え
A · It suggests that the patient's choices are judged against the nurse's standards
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
5·90 = 450 mg
1 回あたり
D = 450/4 = 112.5 mg
答え
D = 112.5 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 499.6 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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