1公式と解法
優先順位の決定と委任
解き方
- 何もしなければ、最も早く患者に害が及ぶのは何かを考えます。
- ABC(心停止では C-A-B)を適用し、次にマズローの欲求を考えます:生理的欲求は安全の欲求より先、安全の欲求は心理的欲求より先です。
- 選択肢を比較します:急性は慢性より先、不安定は安定より先、予期しないものは予期されるものより先、全身は局所より先。そして各所見を患者のベースラインと照らします。
- 緊急でない限り、行動する前にアセスメントします。緊急の場合は、他の対応の前提となる手順を選びます。
- 委任では、5つの権利(業務、状況、人、指示、監督)を確認します。アセスメント、指導、評価は看護師(RN)が行います。
感染管理と患者の安全
解き方
- すべての患者に標準予防策から始めます:手指衛生、予想される曝露に応じた個人防護具(PPE)、安全な鋭利器材の扱い。
- 経路に応じて予防策を追加します:接触(ガウン、手袋)、飛沫(サージカルマスク)、空気(N95、陰圧室)。
- 滅菌物は滅菌のまま保ちます:疑わしければ滅菌ではありません。拭かずに交換します。
- 環境内の害を防ぎます:転倒対策、身体拘束は最後の手段、火災には RACE と PASS。
- 与薬の権利、2つの識別子、ハイリスク薬の追加の安全対策を確認し、エラーやヒヤリハットを報告します。
検査値と電解質
解き方
- 値を検査室独自の基準範囲と比べ、次に患者のベースラインと推移と比べます。
- 検体を確認します:溶血、遅れ、点滴の近くでの採血は、誤った結果の原因になります。
- 値を、典型的な徴候と、その原因となる薬剤や状態に結びつけます。
- 相互作用を探します:低カリウム血症や低マグネシウム血症はジゴキシン中毒を増強し、脱水はリチウムを上昇させます。
- 患者に対応します:アセスメントし、血中濃度が危険なら薬を保留し、パニック値は復唱して処方者に報告します。
内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
解き方
- 問題を言い当てます:ポンプ失調、動脈の閉塞、リズム、血栓、気道の狭窄、感染、または機器の問題。
- まず危険なサインを確認します:低酸素、低血圧、胸痛、新たな錯乱、冷たく脈の触れない手足。
- 酸素は患者に合わせます:大多数は94~98%、CO₂ 貯留のリスクがある人は88~92%。
- 各薬剤を、その検査とリスクに結びつけます:ワルファリンと INR、ヘパリンと aPTT・血小板、利尿薬とカリウム。
- 安全な最初の対応を選び、その後にエスカレーションして再評価します。
内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
解き方
- 新たな錯乱、脱力、けいれんのあるすべての患者で血糖を確認します。
- 意識レベルを脳の異常の最も早い警告サインとして使います。瞳孔やクッシング三徴は遅れて現れます。
- 糖尿病の緊急事態では、DKA(ケトン、アシドーシス)と HHS(非常に高い浸透圧、脱水)を区別し、まず輸液を行います。
- ナトリウムと水分については、ADH が過剰(SIADH)か不足(DI)かを判断し、慢性の変化はゆっくり補正します。
- 腎臓の問題では、原因を腎前性、腎性、腎後性に分け、カリウムと水分に注意します。
内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
解き方
- 何が隠れているかを考えます:体内出血、発熱のない感染、正常な SpO₂ の陰にある換気低下。
- 術後の時間経過で合併症を絞り込みます:数時間なら出血、数日なら胸部の問題、それ以降は創傷や縫合不全の問題。
- 疼痛は、アセスメントし、多角的鎮痛で治療し、再評価します。オピオイドを使うたびに鎮静をモニターします。
- がん患者では、最低値(ナディア)の時期の体調不良はすべて好中球減少性敗血症として扱い、腫瘍学的な緊急事態を把握しておきます。
- 熱傷では、II度とIII度の部分だけを数え、パークランドの時計は受傷時から始め、尿量に合わせて調整します。
2演習問題
1.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient had a colostomy formed yesterday. Which stoma appearance should be reported straight away?
- AA little bleeding when cleaned
- BSlightly swollen
- CMoist and pink-red
- DDark purple or black
2.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient has full-thickness burns all the way around the chest and is finding it harder to breathe, although the airway is clear. What does this suggest?
- AThe patient has had too little IV fluid and needs a fast bolus to improve the breathing
- BThe burns are healing and the skin is tightening normally
- CThe tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
- DThe patient is anxious and only needs reassurance
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A visitor with a cold wants to see a patient who has severe neutropenia. What should the nurse advise?
- AVisit only if the cold started more than a day ago
- BVisit but avoid touching the patient’s bed
- CPostpone the visit until the visitor is well
- DVisit as usual after washing the hands
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
接触予防策中の患者のケアをしている看護師が、ガウンの袖が破れていることに気づきました。看護師はどうすべきですか?
- A破れが小さく袖だけなので、そのまま作業を続ける
- B破れたガウンの上に、もう1枚ガウンを重ねる
- C患者から離れ、出入口で安全にPPEを外し、手指を清潔にして、ガウンを着直す
- Dテープの切れ端で破れを覆って続ける
5.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient is scheduled for a liver biopsy. Which laboratory results should the nurse check before the procedure?
- ASerum sodium and chloride
- BHbA1c and lipid panel
- CPlatelet count and PT/INR
- DTSH and free T4
6.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with schizophrenia drinks very large amounts of water each day. Sodium is 121 mEq/L, and the urine is very dilute (urine osmolality 70 mOsm/kg). Which explanation fits best?
- AHyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
- BPrimary (psychogenic) polydipsia
- CSyndrome of inappropriate ADH
- DCentral diabetes insipidus
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which measure helps prevent delirium in older inpatients?
- AMoving the patient to a different bed each night to give them a change of scene
- BReorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
- CRestricting fluids to avoid incontinence
- DKeeping the lights on all night
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A healthcare assistant reports four observations. Which one needs the nurse's immediate action?
- A"Ms Ali has walked to the bathroom on her own."
- B"Mr Chen's blood pressure is 128/80 as usual."
- C"Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
- D"Mrs Jones would like a cup of tea and her glasses cleaned."
9.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
The telemetry monitor suddenly shows a chaotic waveform resembling ventricular fibrillation, but the patient is talking and brushing their teeth. What should the nurse do first?
- ADeliver an immediate defibrillation shock before checking anything
- BGive IV amiodarone as a bolus
- CStart chest compressions straight away and call the arrest team
- DCheck the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
10.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with a confirmed pulmonary embolism has BP 78/50 mmHg despite fluids, and the right ventricle is dilated on echocardiography. Which treatment is most likely?
- ACompression stockings and bed rest
- BOral apixaban only, started next week
- CSystemic thrombolysis
- DAn inhaled bronchodilator
11.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why are tacrolimus blood levels checked regularly?
- AToo high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection
- BThe drug only works if levels are as high as possible
- CThe levels show how much urine the kidney is making
- DThe levels show whether the patient has diabetes
12.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Which task for a patient with a urinary catheter can the nurse delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
- AEmptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
- BTeaching self-catheterisation for the first time
- CDeciding whether the catheter can be removed
- DAssessing a patient whose irrigation is not draining
13.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors may develop immune-related side effects. Which symptom should they report promptly?
- ANew diarrhoea or abdominal pain
- BA small bruise after a knock
- CSlight hair thinning over months
- DMild tiredness after a busy day
14.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Which medicine commonly needs enteral feeds paused before and after each dose because the feed reduces its absorption?
- APhenytoin
- BParacetamol
- CLactulose
- DOmeprazole liquid
3溶液
1.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Dark purple or black
これが答えになる理由
A healthy stoma is moist and pink to red, and early swelling or slight bleeding is common. A dark purple or black stoma suggests poor blood supply (ischemia) and needs urgent review.
2.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
これが答えになる理由
Circumferential full-thickness burns form stiff eschar that can stop the chest expanding. An escharotomy, cutting through the eschar, may be needed urgently to allow breathing.
C · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
これが答えになる理由
Patients with severe neutropenia cannot fight infections well. People with respiratory or other infections should not visit until they are well; other visitors perform hand hygiene.
C · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · 患者から離れ、出入口で安全にPPEを外し、手指を清潔にして、ガウンを着直す
これが答えになる理由
破れたPPEは、皮膚や衣類の汚染を許します。看護師は安全なときに患者から離れ、出入口または前室で正しい順序でPPEを外し、手指を清潔にして新しいPPEを着用します。
C · 患者から離れ、出入口で安全にPPEを外し、手指を清潔にして、ガウンを着直す
5.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Platelet count and PT/INR
これが答えになる理由
Liver biopsy carries a risk of bleeding, and liver disease often lowers platelets and clotting factors. Platelets and PT/INR are checked beforehand, and abnormal results are reported so they can be corrected or the procedure postponed.確認に用いた資料: Liver biopsy · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
C · Platelet count and PT/INR
6.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Primary (psychogenic) polydipsia
これが答えになる理由
In primary polydipsia, ADH is appropriately suppressed, so the kidneys make very dilute urine, but the intake exceeds what they can excrete. In SIADH the urine is inappropriately concentrated. Fluid restriction and close sodium monitoring are needed.確認に用いた資料: Osmolality urine test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
B · Primary (psychogenic) polydipsia
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Reorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
これが答えになる理由
Multicomponent prevention, including orientation, sensory aids, hydration, nutrition, mobility, sleep and avoiding unnecessary moves or drugs, reduces delirium.
B · Reorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · "Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
これが答えになる理由
A low respiratory rate with reduced consciousness suggests respiratory depression, for example from opioids. It needs immediate assessment and escalation.
C · "Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
9.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
これが答えになる理由
Movement, loose electrodes and muscle activity can create artefact that looks like VF. A conscious, talking patient cannot be in VF. The nurse assesses the patient and checks the leads and electrodes, then reattaches them if needed.
D · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
10.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Systemic thrombolysis
これが答えになる理由
A PE causing sustained hypotension is high-risk and usually treated with thrombolysis to dissolve the clot quickly, unless contraindicated, when surgical or catheter removal may be used. Stable patients are usually treated with anticoagulation alone.
C · Systemic thrombolysis
11.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Too high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection
これが答えになる理由
Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic range and many interactions. High levels can cause nephrotoxicity, tremor and high glucose, while low levels risk rejection. Trough levels are taken before the morning dose.
A · Too high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection
12.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Emptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
これが答えになる理由
Emptying and recording urine volume is routine and can be delegated to trained staff. Decisions about removal, assessment of a possible blockage and first-time teaching need the registered nurse.
A · Emptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
13.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · New diarrhoea or abdominal pain
これが答えになる理由
Checkpoint inhibitors can cause immune-mediated colitis, pneumonitis, hepatitis, skin reactions and endocrine problems. Early reporting allows grading and treatment, often with corticosteroids.
A · New diarrhoea or abdominal pain
14.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Phenytoin
これが答えになる理由
Enteral feeds bind phenytoin and lower its levels, risking seizures. Feeds are usually paused around doses, as advised by the pharmacist, and drug levels are monitored.
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