読解(入学試験)
解き方
- 先に設問を読んで、何を探すかをつかみます。
- 文章をざっと読んで、話題と要点をつかみます。最初か最後の文に書かれていることがよくあります。
- 設問の答えになるまさにその箇所に戻ります。
- 推論では、手がかりが最も強く裏づける選択肢を選び、それ以上に踏み込んだものは選びません。
- ラベルや表では、当てはまる規則をすべて適用し、簡単な計算を慎重に行います。
公式集、全トピックの解法の要点、16 問の演習問題。完全な解答は巻末にあります。
“Last summer, the town held its first food festival. More than 5000 people came, and the local restaurants sold out of food by evening. The mayor has already announced a second festival for next year.” Why most likely did the mayor announce a second festival?
A table described in a report shows the number of flu cases at a clinic: October 12, November 30, December 54, January 41. Which statement does the data support?
x を求めよ:8(x + 12) = 72。
3 2/3 × 2 7/9 を計算せよ。最も簡単な形の答えをクリックしてください。
膀胱の内面を覆う上皮はどれですか?
上腕骨骨幹部中央の骨折の後、患者が手首と指を伸展できなくなりました(下垂手)。最も損傷が疑われる神経はどれですか?
心電図の QRS 波は何を表していますか?
小細胞肺がんの患者の血漿ナトリウムと血漿浸透圧が低いのに、尿は不適切に濃縮されています。最も考えられる説明はどれですか?
A woman with blood type O has a child with a man of type AB. Which blood types can their children have?
Finches on the Galápagos Islands have different beak shapes on islands with different foods. What is the best explanation?
To which family of organic compounds does ethanol, C₂H₅OH, belong?
Which statement correctly distinguishes a scientific law from a scientific theory?
Which number is written correctly in American style?
Which revision makes it clear that the nurse, not the boy, was smiling? “The nurse gave a sticker to the boy with a smile.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The family was apprehensive about the test results.”
Choose the meaning of the words in bold: “The patient’s condition is critical but stable.”
答え: B · The first festival was a big success.
Large crowds and sold-out restaurants show the festival was successful, which is the likely reason for holding another.
答え: C · Cases peaked in December and then decreased.
The highest count is December (54); January (41) is lower, so cases peaked in December and then fell.
答え: x = −3
方程式を解く:x が単独になるまで、両辺に同じことをします。操作は逆の順に打ち消します:まず足し算か引き算、次に掛け算か割り算です。かっこは分配法則 a(x + b) = ax + ab で外し、x の項を片側に集めます。答えは代入して確かめます。
答え: 10 5/27
分数の掛け算と割り算:まず帯分数を仮分数にします(2 1/3 = 7/3)。掛け算は、分子どうし、分母どうしを掛けます。割り算は、最初の分数はそのままにして、÷ を × に変え、2 番目の分数をひっくり返します(逆数を掛けます)。共通の因数を約分し、結果は最も簡単な形で帯分数にします。
答え: C · 移行上皮(尿路上皮)
移行上皮は膀胱が伸びるにつれて丸い細胞から扁平な細胞へと形を変えられ、しかも水を通しません。
答え: C · 橈骨神経
橈骨神経は上腕骨骨幹部の橈骨神経溝(らせん溝)を走ります。手首と指の伸筋を支配するため、損傷すると下垂手になります。
答え: C · 心室の脱分極
P 波は心房の脱分極、QRS 波は心室の脱分極、T 波は心室の再分極です。心房の再分極は QRS に隠れています。
答え: A · 抗利尿ホルモン不適合分泌症候群
SIADH では過剰な ADH によって腎臓が水を保持し、尿は濃縮されたまま血漿が薄まります。小細胞肺がんは ADH を分泌することがあります。
答え: D · A or B
The mother is ii and the father is IᴬIᴮ. Children are either Iᴬi (type A) or Iᴮi (type B). None can be type O or type AB.
答え: A · Natural selection favoured beaks suited to each food source
On each island, birds with beaks better suited to the local seeds or insects fed better and left more offspring. Over many generations, beak shape changed in each population.
答え: B · Alcohols
Ethanol has an –OH group, so it is an alcohol. Names ending in "-ol" signal alcohols, such as methanol and propanol. Ethanol is used in hand sanitisers and as a disinfectant.
答え: B · A law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens
A law summarises a consistent pattern, often as a rule or equation (mass is conserved). A theory is a well-tested explanation of why (atoms are rearranged, not created). Theories do not turn into laws.
答え: B · 12,500
American style uses commas to group digits by thousands (12,500) and a period as the decimal point (12.5).
答え: D · With a smile, the nurse gave a sticker to the boy.
Placing “With a smile” next to “the nurse” shows who was smiling. C suggests the sticker had a smile, and D still describes the boy.
答え: C · Anxious or worried
Apprehensive means anxious or fearful that something bad may happen.
答え: B · Very serious, but not changing at present
Critical means very serious, often life-threatening, and stable means not currently changing.
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