Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

A patient has a very low platelet count. Which safety measure is appropriate?

  1. AUse a firm toothbrush and a safety razor
  2. BFloss hard each day to keep the gums healthy
  3. CUse a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
  4. DTake rectal temperatures for accuracy
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A patient who speaks little English is being discharged with new medications. The patient’s 12-year-old child offers to interpret. What should the nurse do?

  1. AUse a professional medical interpreter
  2. BLet the child interpret, because the family prefers it
  3. CUse simple English and many hand gestures
  4. DGive written instructions in English only
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

Before discharge, what is most important to confirm about the patient's new medicines?

  1. AThat they know the price of each medicine and where to buy it
  2. BThat they know which company makes each drug
  3. CThat they know how and when to take them and what to report
  4. DThat they know the chemical name of each drug
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

Which patient should the nurse see first?

  1. AA patient who is asking for help to walk to the toilet now
  2. BA patient who is waiting for their discharge letter and medicines
  3. CA patient with a pain score of 3/10 whose analgesia is due in an hour
  4. DA postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Famili virus manakah yang merangkumi virus penyebab ruam demam (cold sores) dan cacar air?

  1. APikornavirus
  2. BKoronavirus
  3. CRetrovirus
  4. DVirus herpes
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Beberapa orang muntah dalam beberapa jam selepas makan nasi goreng yang dimasak sehari sebelumnya dan disimpan pada suhu bilik. Organisma manakah punca klasik?

  1. AClostridium botulinum
  2. BListeria monocytogenes
  3. CBacillus cereus
  4. DSalmonella Typhi

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor

Mengapa ini jawapannya

With thrombocytopenia, minor trauma can cause serious bleeding. Bleeding precautions include soft toothbrushes, electric razors, avoiding rectal procedures and IM injections where possible, and preventing falls.

Jawapan

C · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · Use a professional medical interpreter

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Professional medical interpreters reduce errors and protect privacy. Children and other family members may translate wrongly, leave things out or be placed in a difficult position.

Jawapan

A · Use a professional medical interpreter
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: C · That they know how and when to take them and what to report

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Safe discharge needs the patient or carer to understand dose, timing, purpose and important side effects. Teach-back and written information help confirm this.

Jawapan

C · That they know how and when to take them and what to report
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Low saturation with a high respiratory rate shows a breathing problem that could worsen quickly. The other needs are real but not urgent.

Jawapan

D · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: D · Virus herpes

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Herpes simpleks (cold sores) dan varisela-zoster (cacar air, kayap) ialah virus herpes yang kekal pendam dalam ganglia deria dan boleh diaktifkan semula.

Jawapan

D · Virus herpes
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: C · Bacillus cereus

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Spora Bacillus cereus bertahan daripada pendidihan. Jika nasi yang dimasak dibiarkan suam, bakteria tumbuh dan menghasilkan toksin emetik yang tahan haba, maka memanaskan semula tidak menjadikan nasi itu selamat.

Jawapan

C · Bacillus cereus

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