A patient with delirium is at risk of falls and of pulling out lines. Which option is less restrictive than restraints?
AA trained sitter or video monitoring with staff nearby
BA sedative given every few hours as needed
CFour side rails raised and the door closed so the patient stays in bed
DA vest restraint applied for the whole night
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar
A newly hired nurse has these hepatitis B results: HBsAg negative, anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc negative. What do they show?
AImmunity from hepatitis B vaccination
BPast infection that has now cleared
CNo immunity, so the vaccine is needed
DA current hepatitis B infection
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana
A patient with expressive aphasia after a stroke understands speech but struggles to find words. Which approach helps most?
AFinish their sentences quickly for them to save them frustration
BTalk to the family instead of the patient
CAsk simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
DSpeak louder and more slowly than usual
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar
A nurse notices that the power cable of an infusion pump is frayed. What is the correct action?
AWrap tape around the cable and keep using it
BUnplug it and put it back in the equipment store
CUse it only for patients who are not seriously ill
DTake it out of use, label it as faulty and report it
5.MikrobiologiSederhana
Pemindahan gen bakteria daripada satu bakteria ke bakteria lain oleh virus dipanggil:
ATransformasi
BKonjugasi
CTranskripsi
DTransduksi
6.MikrobiologiSukar
Apakah perbezaan utama antara antibiotik bakterisid dan bakteriostatik?
AUbat bakterisid bertindak pada virus sahaja; ubat bakteriostatik bertindak pada bakteria
BUbat bakterisid membunuh bakteria; ubat bakteriostatik menghentikan pertumbuhan dan bergantung pada sistem imun untuk menyingkirkannya
CUbat bakteriostatik sentiasa bertindak lebih pantas daripada ubat bakterisid
DUbat bakterisid bertindak di luar badan sahaja
3Larutan
1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: A · A trained sitter or video monitoring with staff nearby
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Close observation by a sitter or video monitoring allows staff to step in quickly, without restricting the patient. It is often combined with reorientation and family presence.
Jawapan
A · A trained sitter or video monitoring with staff nearby
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: A · Immunity from hepatitis B vaccination
Mengapa ini jawapannya
The vaccine contains surface antigen, so it produces anti-HBs only. A negative anti-HBc shows there has been no natural infection, and a negative HBsAg rules out current infection.
Jawapan
A · Immunity from hepatitis B vaccination
3.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: C · Ask simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Short questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture, picture boards and patience let the patient communicate. Hearing is not the problem, so shouting does not help.
Jawapan
C · Ask simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
4.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: D · Take it out of use, label it as faulty and report it
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Damaged electrical equipment can cause shocks or fires. It is removed from use, clearly labelled and reported for repair, and a safe replacement is found.
Jawapan
D · Take it out of use, label it as faulty and report it
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: D · Transduksi
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Dalam transduksi bakteriofaj secara tidak sengaja membungkus DNA bakteria dan menghantarnya kepada sel seterusnya yang dijangkitinya. Transformasi ialah pengambilan DNA bebas dan konjugasi menggunakan sentuhan langsung.
Jawapan
D · Transduksi
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: B · Ubat bakterisid membunuh bakteria; ubat bakteriostatik menghentikan pertumbuhan dan bergantung pada sistem imun untuk menyingkirkannya
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Ubat bakteriostatik menghentikan pembiakan supaya pertahanan perumah dapat menyingkirkan bakteria. Ubat bakterisid lebih diutamakan apabila pertahanan lemah atau sukar dicapai, seperti dalam endokarditis atau neutropenia.
Jawapan
B · Ubat bakterisid membunuh bakteria; ubat bakteriostatik menghentikan pertumbuhan dan bergantung pada sistem imun untuk menyingkirkannya