A patient has a non-violent restraint. In most nursing policies, how often at minimum is it released for range of motion, toileting and skin care?
AAt least every 2 hours
BOnly when the patient asks for it
COnce every 12-hour shift
DOnce a day, during the bath
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar
A patient has signed a surgical consent form but tells the nurse, “I don’t really understand what they are going to do.” What should the nurse do?
AGive the preoperative sedative so the patient relaxes
BInform the surgeon so the procedure can be explained again before any sedation
CReassure the patient that the surgeon knows best and continue with the preparation
DExplain the risks and benefits in place of the surgeon
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana
When measuring a wound, how is the length usually taken?
AIn the head-to-toe direction across the longest part
BAround the edge of the wound with a tape measure
CIn whichever direction is shortest
DFrom the wound to the nearest joint
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar
A nurse develops vomiting and diarrhoea during a norovirus outbreak. When can they usually return to work (UK guidance)?
A48 hours after the symptoms have stopped
BAfter a full week, whatever the symptoms
CAs soon as the vomiting stops
DThe next shift, if they feel well enough
5.MikrobiologiSederhana
Mengapakah bakteria Gram-negatif selalunya lebih sukar dirawat dengan antibiotik?
AIa mempunyai lapisan peptidoglikan yang lebih tebal
BMembran luarnya menyekat banyak ubat
CIa tidak mempunyai ribosom
DIa membahagi dengan jauh lebih perlahan
6.MikrobiologiSukar
Luka yang dalam dan kotor menjadi bengkak dan sangat sakit, dan gas dapat dirasai di bawah kulit. Organisma manakah yang paling berkemungkinan?
AStreptococcus pneumoniae
BNeisseria gonorrhoeae
CBordetella pertussis
DClostridium perfringens
3Larutan
1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: A · At least every 2 hours
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Restrained patients are checked often for circulation, skin and comfort, and the restraint is released at least every 2 hours for movement, toileting, fluids and skin care. Exact intervals follow the facility’s policy.
Jawapan
A · At least every 2 hours
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: B · Inform the surgeon so the procedure can be explained again before any sedation
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Informed consent is the responsibility of the person doing the procedure. If the patient does not understand, the nurse pauses the process and tells the surgeon, before any sedative drug is given.
Jawapan
B · Inform the surgeon so the procedure can be explained again before any sedation
3.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: A · In the head-to-toe direction across the longest part
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Using the body's head-to-toe axis for length and side-to-side for width keeps measurements consistent between nurses, so changes in size are meaningful.
Jawapan
A · In the head-to-toe direction across the longest part
4.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: A · 48 hours after the symptoms have stopped
Mengapa ini jawapannya
People can still shed norovirus after symptoms settle, so staff usually stay off work until 48 hours symptom-free. This helps stop outbreaks spreading on wards.
Jawapan
A · 48 hours after the symptoms have stopped
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: B · Membran luarnya menyekat banyak ubat
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Membran luar bakteria Gram-negatif, dengan lipopolisakarida dan porin, menghalang banyak antibiotik masuk dan menambah pertahanan efluks serta enzim.
Jawapan
B · Membran luarnya menyekat banyak ubat
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: D · Clostridium perfringens
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Clostridium perfringens menyebabkan gangren gas dalam luka yang kurang oksigen. Toksinnya memusnahkan otot dan metabolismenya menghasilkan gas, yang dirasai sebagai krepitus. Pembedahan segera dan antibiotik diperlukan.