Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

A patient is admitted to an inpatient mental health unit. Why are personal belongings checked?

  1. ATo make a list of valuable items for insurance
  2. BTo remove items that could be used to harm self or others
  3. CTo decide which family members may visit
  4. DTo find out what the patient likes to wear during the hospital stay
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

Victims of a chemical spill arrive at the emergency department with liquid on their skin and clothing. What is the priority before they enter the building?

  1. ADecontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
  2. BTake them straight into the resuscitation room so treatment is not delayed
  3. CTake a full history in the waiting room
  4. DGive them hospital gowns and seat them in triage
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

How can nurses help patients sleep better on a hospital ward at night?

  1. ADo routine tasks such as bed changes at midnight while it is quiet
  2. BGroup care and observations so patients are disturbed less often
  3. CGive every patient a sleeping tablet
  4. DKeep the main lights on so staff can see clearly
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

Why must a needlestick injury be reported straight away rather than at the end of the shift?

  1. APost-exposure prophylaxis works best when it is started as soon as possible
  2. BThe source patient will be discharged soon
  3. CReporting late means the nurse has to pay for the tests
  4. DThe injury must be documented within ten minutes for the report to be valid
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Dalam rantaian jangkitan, apakah "reservoir"?

  1. AOrang yang paling berisiko mendapat jangkitan
  2. BLaluan patogen meninggalkan badan perumah yang dijangkiti
  3. CCara patogen memasuki perumah baharu
  4. DTempat patogen lazimnya hidup dan membiak
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Dalam eksperimen Griffith 1928, tikus mati selepas disuntik pneumokokus licin (S) yang dimatikan dengan haba bercampur pneumokokus kasar (R) yang hidup. Apakah yang ditunjukkan oleh ini?

  1. APneumokokus kasar sentiasa lebih virulen daripada yang licin
  2. BVirus membawa gen antara bakteria
  3. CHaba tidak membunuh pneumokokus
  4. D"Prinsip pengubah" daripada bakteria mati boleh menukar bakteria tidak berbahaya menjadi virulen

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: B · To remove items that could be used to harm self or others

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Belongings are searched with the patient, according to policy, for items such as sharp objects, cords, drugs and lighters. These are stored safely to reduce the risk of self-harm or violence.

Jawapan

B · To remove items that could be used to harm self or others
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Contaminated patients are decontaminated outside the department so the chemical is not brought inside to harm staff and other patients. Staff doing this wear PPE suited to the hazard.

Jawapan

A · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: B · Group care and observations so patients are disturbed less often

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Clustering care, dimming lights, reducing noise and offering eye masks or earplugs improve sleep. Sedatives carry risks and are not routine.

Jawapan

B · Group care and observations so patients are disturbed less often
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: A · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when it is started as soon as possible

Mengapa ini jawapannya

After a high-risk exposure, for example to HIV or hepatitis B, preventive treatment is most effective when started early. Prompt reporting also allows the source patient to be assessed.

Jawapan

A · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when it is started as soon as possible
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: D · Tempat patogen lazimnya hidup dan membiak

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Rantaian jangkitan menghubungkan agen, reservoir, pintu keluar, cara penularan, pintu masuk dan perumah yang mudah terdedah. Memutuskan mana-mana mata rantai menghentikan penularan.

Jawapan

D · Tempat patogen lazimnya hidup dan membiak
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: D · "Prinsip pengubah" daripada bakteria mati boleh menukar bakteria tidak berbahaya menjadi virulen

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Sesuatu daripada strain S yang mati menukar bakteria R yang hidup menjadi bakteria S yang membentuk kapsul dan virulen. Avery, MacLeod dan McCarty kemudian menunjukkan bahawa prinsip pengubah ini ialah DNA.

Jawapan

D · "Prinsip pengubah" daripada bakteria mati boleh menukar bakteria tidak berbahaya menjadi virulen

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety