Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

A patient has a weak left leg. Which instruction about using a cane is correct?

  1. AHold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
  2. BKeep the cane well out to the side, away from the body
  3. CHold the cane in the left hand, on the weaker side
  4. DMove the cane and the right leg forward together
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A patient on chemotherapy develops shingles over several areas on both sides of the body. Which precautions are needed?

  1. AAirborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
  2. BDroplet precautions until the pain settles
  3. CStandard precautions only, with the lesions covered
  4. DContact precautions only, with gloves for dressing changes
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

Why is early mobilisation important for older inpatients?

  1. AOlder patients do not need sleep during the day
  2. BWalking makes older patients' bones grow longer
  3. CBed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
  4. DIt lets staff change the beds more easily while patients are up
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

Before giving a PRN dose of oral morphine, which assessment is most important?

  1. AThe respiratory rate and level of sedation
  2. BThe patient's blood glucose level
  3. CThe patient's weight and height, recorded on admission
  4. DThe patient's last bowel movement
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Organisma manakah yang menyebabkan demam kepialu (tifoid)?

  1. ASalmonella Typhi
  2. BCampylobacter jejuni
  3. CShigella dysenteriae
  4. DVibrio cholerae
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Sifilis primer lazimnya hadir dengan:

  1. ARuam yang meluas pada tapak tangan dan tapak kaki
  2. BKelompok lepuh kecil yang menyakitkan pada alat kelamin atau mulut
  3. CUlser tanpa kesakitan (kankar/chancre) pada tapak jangkitan
  4. DKerosakan pada jantung dan otak

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The cane is held on the strong side and moved forward with the weak leg, so it shares the weight that the weak leg cannot take. It is kept close to the body for stability.

Jawapan

A · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · Airborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Lesions over several areas on both sides mean disseminated zoster, which can spread through the air like chickenpox. Airborne and contact precautions are used until all lesions are dry and crusted. Localized zoster in an immunocompromised patient also needs airborne and contact precautions, but only until dissemination is ruled out.

Jawapan

A · Airborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: C · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Older adults lose muscle strength quickly in bed, which leads to falls and loss of independence. Getting up, dressed and moving as soon as safe helps prevent this deconditioning.

Jawapan

C · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: A · The respiratory rate and level of sedation

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Opioids can cause sedation and respiratory depression. Checking breathing and alertness before each dose, as well as the pain score, keeps the patient safe.

Jawapan

A · The respiratory rate and level of sedation
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Salmonella Typhi

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Salmonella enterica serotip Typhi menyebabkan demam kepialu, penyakit sistemik dengan demam berpanjangan. Sesetengah orang menjadi pembawa kronik, selalunya dalam pundi hempedu.

Jawapan

A · Salmonella Typhi
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: C · Ulser tanpa kesakitan (kankar/chancre) pada tapak jangkitan

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Treponema pallidum menyebabkan chancre tanpa kesakitan pada peringkat primer. Peringkat sekunder membawa ruam dan gejala sistemik, dan sifilis tertier boleh merosakkan jantung dan sistem saraf. Lepuh yang menyakitkan mencadangkan herpes.

Jawapan

C · Ulser tanpa kesakitan (kankar/chancre) pada tapak jangkitan

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety