Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

Hair must be removed from a planned surgical site. Which method reduces the risk of surgical site infection?

  1. AShaving with a razor just before the incision
  2. BUsing wax strips on the morning of surgery
  3. CClipping with electric clippers just before surgery
  4. DShaving with a disposable razor the night before surgery
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

The laboratory reports that a blood sample labeled with one patient’s name has a blood group different from that patient’s previous result. What is the most likely problem and response?

  1. AA normal change in the patient’s blood group over the years since the last test
  2. BThe previous result was wrong, so it is deleted
  3. CA wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
  4. DA laboratory machine fault, so no action is needed
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

Why is a slide sheet used to move a patient up the bed?

  1. AIt warms the patient during the move
  2. BIt keeps the bed clean during the move
  3. CIt reduces friction and shear on the skin
  4. DIt lets one nurse lift the patient alone
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

Which action is most effective in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection?

  1. AChanging the drainage bag every few hours to keep the system fresh
  2. BGiving antibiotics to every catheterised patient
  3. CWashing out the bladder every day
  4. DRemoving the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Organisma manakah ialah diplokokus Gram-negatif yang menyebabkan jangkitan bawaan seks?

  1. AChlamydia trachomatis
  2. BTreponema pallidum
  3. CNeisseria gonorrhoeae
  4. DTrichomonas vaginalis
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Virus hepatitis manakah yang terutamanya tersebar melalui makanan dan air tercemar?

  1. AHepatitis A dan E
  2. BHepatitis B dan C
  3. CHepatitis C dan E
  4. DHepatitis B dan D

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Razors cause tiny skin cuts that bacteria can colonize, which raises the infection risk. If hair must be removed, clippers are used close to the time of surgery.

Jawapan

C · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported

Mengapa ini jawapannya

A different blood group strongly suggests the sample came from another patient. A new sample is taken with careful bedside identification and labeling, and the event is reported as a serious near miss.

Jawapan

C · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: C · It reduces friction and shear on the skin

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Slide sheets let the patient glide rather than be dragged, protecting the skin from friction and shear and reducing strain on staff.

Jawapan

C · It reduces friction and shear on the skin
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The infection risk grows with each day of catheterisation, so the most effective step is avoiding unnecessary catheters and removing them early. Routine bladder washouts and frequent bag changes break the closed system and add risk.

Jawapan

D · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: C · Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Neisseria gonorrhoeae kelihatan sebagai pasangan kokus Gram-negatif, selalunya di dalam neutrofil. Treponema ialah spiroket, Chlamydia ialah bakteria intrasel dan Trichomonas ialah protozoa.

Jawapan

C · Neisseria gonorrhoeae
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Hepatitis A dan E

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Hepatitis A dan E tersebar melalui laluan najis–mulut. B, C dan D tersebar melalui darah dan cecair badan serta boleh menyebabkan jangkitan kronik.

Jawapan

A · Hepatitis A dan E

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety