Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

Which measure reduces errors caused by interruptions during medication preparation?

  1. AAnswering phone calls and pages while counting tablets, to save time
  2. BPreparing medications at the busiest place on the ward
  3. CPreparing medications for all patients at once
  4. DA quiet “no interruption” zone or signal while preparing medications
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A patient with fever and a spreading rash is suspected of having smallpox. Which precautions are needed?

  1. AStandard precautions only
  2. BContact precautions only
  3. CAirborne and contact precautions
  4. DDroplet precautions with a surgical mask
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

What is tolerance to an opioid?

  1. ANeeding a higher dose to get the same pain relief
  2. BAn allergic reaction to the drug
  3. CA craving to take the drug for its mental effects
  4. DFeeling no side effects at all from the drug
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

Which of these patients should the nurse attend to first?

  1. AA patient with diabetes who is sweaty and shaky with a glucose of 2.9 mmol/L (52 mg/dL)
  2. BA patient with a pain score of 4/10 who had analgesia 30 minutes ago
  3. CA patient asking for their regular evening medicines
  4. DA patient who wants to talk about the results of a scan
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Bakteria manakah punca paling lazim ulser perut?

  1. AHelicobacter pylori
  2. BStaphylococcus aureus
  3. CClostridioides difficile
  4. DEscherichia coli
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Kultur darah positif menunjukkan kokus Gram-positif berkelompok. Organisma manakah yang paling berkemungkinan?

  1. ANeisseria
  2. BStreptococcus
  3. CStaphylococcus
  4. DEnterococcus dalam rantai pendek

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: D · A quiet “no interruption” zone or signal while preparing medications

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Interruptions during medication preparation are linked to more errors. Many units use quiet zones, vests or signs to show that the nurse should not be interrupted.

Jawapan

D · A quiet “no interruption” zone or signal while preparing medications
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · Airborne and contact precautions

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Smallpox spreads by respiratory particles and by contact with lesions or contaminated items, so airborne and contact precautions are used. Only immunized staff should provide care where possible.

Jawapan

C · Airborne and contact precautions
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: A · Needing a higher dose to get the same pain relief

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Tolerance is a physical adaptation in which the same dose has less effect over time. It is not the same as addiction, which involves craving and harmful use.

Jawapan

A · Needing a higher dose to get the same pain relief
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: A · A patient with diabetes who is sweaty and shaky with a glucose of 2.9 mmol/L (52 mg/dL)

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Hypoglycaemia can quickly lead to unconsciousness and seizures and needs immediate treatment. The other patients' needs are important but can wait a few minutes.

Jawapan

A · A patient with diabetes who is sweaty and shaky with a glucose of 2.9 mmol/L (52 mg/dL)
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Helicobacter pylori

Mengapa ini jawapannya

H. pylori menjajah lapisan perut dan menghasilkan urease untuk meneutralkan asid secara setempat. Ia menyebabkan kebanyakan ulser peptik dan dirawat dengan antibiotik serta PPI.

Jawapan

A · Helicobacter pylori
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: C · Staphylococcus

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Stafilokokus tumbuh dalam kelompok seperti buah anggur; streptokokus dan enterokokus dalam rantai atau berpasangan. Neisseria ialah diplokokus Gram-negatif.

Jawapan

C · Staphylococcus

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety