Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

Soalan baharuKembali ke kursus

Dalam tetingkap cetak, pilih “Simpan sebagai PDF” untuk menyimpan salinan pada peranti anda.

1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

Which patient has the highest risk of a burn from a heating pad?

  1. AA patient recovering from a cold
  2. BA patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
  3. CA patient with a sprained wrist who is fully alert
  4. DA healthy young adult with a strained muscle
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A patient has signed a surgical consent form but tells the nurse, “I don’t really understand what they are going to do.” What should the nurse do?

  1. AExplain the risks and benefits in place of the surgeon
  2. BInform the surgeon so the procedure can be explained again before any sedation
  3. CGive the preoperative sedative so the patient relaxes
  4. DReassure the patient that the surgeon knows best and continue with the preparation
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

Why do nurses often count the respiratory rate while still appearing to take the pulse?

  1. AIt is not allowed to tell patients that breathing is measured
  2. BCounting breaths is only accurate when the wrist is held
  3. CThe pulse and breathing rates are always the same number
  4. DPatients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

A patient has a temperature of 38.7 °C and a white cell count of 18 × 10⁹/L (18,000/mm³). What do these findings most suggest?

  1. AA normal post-meal result
  2. BA low risk of infection because the count is high
  3. CAn infection or significant inflammation
  4. DDehydration only
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Pemindahan gen bakteria daripada satu bakteria ke bakteria lain oleh virus dipanggil:

  1. AKonjugasi
  2. BTransformasi
  3. CTranskripsi
  4. DTransduksi
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Pada 1854 John Snow menjejaki wabak kolera di London kepada pam air Broad Street. Mengapakah kajian ini penting?

  1. AIa menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden
  2. BIa menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui "udara busuk" (miasma)
  3. CIa membawa terus kepada vaksin kolera pertama
  4. DIa membuktikan bahawa kolera disebabkan oleh virus

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: B · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Reduced sensation, as in peripheral neuropathy, prevents a person from feeling heat damage. Patients with poor sensation, poor circulation or confusion need very close monitoring if heat is used at all.

Jawapan

B · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: B · Inform the surgeon so the procedure can be explained again before any sedation

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Informed consent is the responsibility of the person doing the procedure. If the patient does not understand, the nurse pauses the process and tells the surgeon, before any sedative drug is given.

Jawapan

B · Inform the surgeon so the procedure can be explained again before any sedation
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · Patients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Breathing can be changed on purpose, so a patient who is aware of being watched may breathe differently. Counting unobtrusively for a full minute gives a more accurate rate.

Jawapan

D · Patients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: C · An infection or significant inflammation

Mengapa ini jawapannya

A raised white cell count with fever usually means the body is fighting an infection or major inflammation. The nurse reports it and looks for the source, including sepsis.

Jawapan

C · An infection or significant inflammation
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: D · Transduksi

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Dalam transduksi bakteriofaj secara tidak sengaja membungkus DNA bakteria dan menghantarnya kepada sel seterusnya yang dijangkitinya. Transformasi ialah pengambilan DNA bebas dan konjugasi menggunakan sentuhan langsung.

Jawapan

D · Transduksi
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Ia menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Snow memetakan kes di sekitar pam dan mengaitkannya dengan airnya. Mengeluarkan pemegang pam ialah contoh klasik menggunakan epidemiologi untuk mencari dan menghentikan sumber, sebelum bakteria dikenal pasti.

Jawapan

A · Ia menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety