Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

Before helping a patient from bed into a wheelchair, what should the nurse do with the wheelchair?

  1. APlace it on the patient’s weaker side so that side is supported
  2. BLeave the brakes off so the chair can move along with the patient during the pivot
  3. CPlace it at the foot of the bed, facing away
  4. DLock the brakes and place it close to the bed on the patient’s stronger side
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A nurse teaches parents of a toddler about drowning prevention. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
  2. B“I empty buckets of water as soon as I have used them.”
  3. C“We keep the gate in the pool fence closed and locked at all times.”
  4. D“I stay within arm’s reach of my child whenever we are near any water.”
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

What does the Visual Infusion Phlebitis (VIP) score assess?

  1. AThe risk of an allergic reaction to IV drugs
  2. BThe speed of an infusion pump
  3. CThe patient's eyesight before surgery
  4. DThe cannula site for signs of phlebitis
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

A toddler is brought in with bruises on both cheeks and the parent's explanation does not fit the injuries. What should the nurse do?

  1. ASend the child home and phone the family next week
  2. BConfront the parent and ask them directly whether they hurt the child
  3. CDocument accurately and follow the child safeguarding procedure
  4. DIgnore it, as children often bruise themselves
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Sel manakah yang terutamanya dijangkiti dan dimusnahkan oleh HIV?

  1. ANeutrofil
  2. BSel darah merah
  3. CSel T pembantu CD4
  4. DPlatelet
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Pada 1854 John Snow menjejaki wabak kolera di London kepada pam air Broad Street. Mengapakah kajian ini penting?

  1. AIa menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden
  2. BIa membawa terus kepada vaksin kolera pertama
  3. CIa membuktikan bahawa kolera disebabkan oleh virus
  4. DIa menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui "udara busuk" (miasma)

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: D · Lock the brakes and place it close to the bed on the patient’s stronger side

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Locked brakes stop the chair rolling away during the transfer. Placing it close to the bed on the stronger side lets the patient lead with their strong leg.

Jawapan

D · Lock the brakes and place it close to the bed on the patient’s stronger side
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · “I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”

Mengapa ini jawapannya

A toddler should never be left alone in the bath, even for a moment and even in shallow water. Fencing pools, constant close supervision and emptying containers are correct.

Jawapan

A · “I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · The cannula site for signs of phlebitis

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The VIP score grades pain, redness, swelling and hardening along the vein. A rising score tells the nurse when the cannula must be removed.

Jawapan

D · The cannula site for signs of phlebitis
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: C · Document accurately and follow the child safeguarding procedure

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Injuries that do not match the explanation are a warning sign. The nurse records facts, not opinions, and refers through safeguarding procedures without confronting the family.

Jawapan

C · Document accurately and follow the child safeguarding procedure
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: C · Sel T pembantu CD4

Mengapa ini jawapannya

HIV mengikat CD4 dan ko-reseptor pada sel T pembantu. Kehilangan sel ini melemahkan imuniti antibodi dan imuniti pengantara sel, lalu membawa kepada AIDS.

Jawapan

C · Sel T pembantu CD4
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Ia menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Snow memetakan kes di sekitar pam dan mengaitkannya dengan airnya. Mengeluarkan pemegang pam ialah contoh klasik menggunakan epidemiologi untuk mencari dan menghentikan sumber, sebelum bakteria dikenal pasti.

Jawapan

A · Ia menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety