When is a prophylactic antibiotic usually given to prevent a surgical site infection?
AOne week before surgery
BOnly if a fever develops after surgery
CWithin about 60 minutes before the incision
DThe day after surgery, once the wound is closed
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar
A patient with suspected sepsis has orders for blood cultures and an IV antibiotic. What is the correct order of actions?
ADraw the blood cultures first, then give the antibiotic without delay
BWait for the culture results before starting the antibiotic
CGive the antibiotic first so that treatment starts, and take the cultures the next day
DGive the antibiotic and take the cultures an hour later
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana
Why might a nurse use silence during a conversation with a patient?
AIt gives the patient time to think and say more
BIt ends the conversation politely
CIt shows the patient that the nurse is busy and wants to move on
DIt lets the nurse plan the next task
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar
At the start of a shift, which task should the nurse do first?
AChange the bed linen of a patient who is going home
BUpdate the ward whiteboard with the names of all the new patients
COrder supplies for the ward store room
DGive the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
5.MikrobiologiSederhana
Dalam rantaian jangkitan, apakah "reservoir"?
ALaluan patogen meninggalkan badan perumah yang dijangkiti
BTempat patogen lazimnya hidup dan membiak
COrang yang paling berisiko mendapat jangkitan
DCara patogen memasuki perumah baharu
6.MikrobiologiSukar
Bagaimanakah jenis HPV berisiko tinggi menyumbang kepada kanser serviks?
AVirus membunuh sel dengan begitu pantas sehingga digantikan oleh sel kanser
BVirus menghasilkan endotoksin yang merosakkan DNA
CProtein virus E6 dan E7 menyahaktifkan penindas tumor p53 dan Rb
DVirus memusnahkan sel T CD4 dalam serviks
3Larutan
1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: C · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
Mengapa ini jawapannya
For most drugs, prophylaxis is given within 60 minutes before the incision so tissue levels are high during surgery. Some drugs, such as vancomycin, start earlier because they are infused over longer.
Jawapan
C · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: A · Draw the blood cultures first, then give the antibiotic without delay
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Cultures are drawn before the first antibiotic dose so the organism can still be grown and identified. The antibiotic is then given promptly, because delay increases the risk of death in sepsis.
Jawapan
A · Draw the blood cultures first, then give the antibiotic without delay
3.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: A · It gives the patient time to think and say more
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Therapeutic silence gives the patient space to gather their thoughts and express feelings, especially about difficult topics. It is used with attentive body language.
Jawapan
A · It gives the patient time to think and say more
4.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: D · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
Mengapa ini jawapannya
In sepsis antibiotics are time-critical, and every hour of delay increases the risk of death. Routine tasks are done afterwards.
Jawapan
D · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: B · Tempat patogen lazimnya hidup dan membiak
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Rantaian jangkitan menghubungkan agen, reservoir, pintu keluar, cara penularan, pintu masuk dan perumah yang mudah terdedah. Memutuskan mana-mana mata rantai menghentikan penularan.
Jawapan
B · Tempat patogen lazimnya hidup dan membiak
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: C · Protein virus E6 dan E7 menyahaktifkan penindas tumor p53 dan Rb
Mengapa ini jawapannya
E6 menggalakkan pemecahan p53 dan E7 mengikat Rb, menyingkirkan kawalan ke atas pembahagian sel dan pembaikan DNA. Sel yang dijangkiti kemudian boleh mengumpul mutasi dan menjadi kanser selama bertahun-tahun.
Jawapan
C · Protein virus E6 dan E7 menyahaktifkan penindas tumor p53 dan Rb