Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

A patient on oxygen is being taken to another department by wheelchair. What should the nurse check first?

  1. AThat the cylinder is the largest size available
  2. BThat the cylinder is placed on the patient’s lap
  3. CThat the portable cylinder has enough oxygen for the whole trip
  4. DThat the oxygen is turned off during the transfer to save the supply in the tank
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A nurse teaches an older adult about preventing falls at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I keep small rugs in the hall so my feet stay warm.”
  2. B“I had grab bars put in next to the toilet.”
  3. C“I wear shoes with non-slip soles around the house.”
  4. D“I use night lights between my bedroom and the bathroom.”
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

How should the opening of a stoma bag be cut?

  1. ATo fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
  2. BIn any shape, as long as the bag sticks
  3. CMuch larger than the stoma so that the edge never rubs against it
  4. DSmaller than the stoma so it grips it tightly
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

A patient's notes record a penicillin allergy with a rash. The new prescription is for amoxicillin. What should the nurse do?

  1. AWithhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
  2. BGive an antihistamine first, then the amoxicillin
  3. CGive half the dose and watch for a rash
  4. DGive the dose, as amoxicillin is a different drug from penicillin itself
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Bakteria manakah punca paling lazim ulser perut?

  1. AStaphylococcus aureus
  2. BHelicobacter pylori
  3. CClostridioides difficile
  4. DEscherichia coli
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Pada 1854 John Snow menjejaki wabak kolera di London kepada pam air Broad Street. Mengapakah kajian ini penting?

  1. AIa menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui "udara busuk" (miasma)
  2. BIa menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden
  3. CIa membawa terus kepada vaksin kolera pertama
  4. DIa membuktikan bahawa kolera disebabkan oleh virus

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · That the portable cylinder has enough oxygen for the whole trip

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The nurse checks the cylinder gauge and makes sure there is enough oxygen for the trip and possible delays. The cylinder is secured in a holder on the chair, not on the patient’s lap.

Jawapan

C · That the portable cylinder has enough oxygen for the whole trip
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · “I keep small rugs in the hall so my feet stay warm.”

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Loose rugs are a common cause of trips and falls and should be removed or secured. Night lights, grab bars and non-slip footwear all reduce fall risk.

Jawapan

A · “I keep small rugs in the hall so my feet stay warm.”
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: A · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The opening should fit snugly so stoma output does not reach the skin, but not so tight that it damages the stoma. Stomas shrink in the weeks after surgery, so the size is re-measured.

Jawapan

A · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: A · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Amoxicillin is a penicillin and can cause the same allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis. The nurse withholds it and asks for an alternative.

Jawapan

A · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: B · Helicobacter pylori

Mengapa ini jawapannya

H. pylori menjajah lapisan perut dan menghasilkan urease untuk meneutralkan asid secara setempat. Ia menyebabkan kebanyakan ulser peptik dan dirawat dengan antibiotik serta PPI.

Jawapan

B · Helicobacter pylori
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: B · Ia menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Snow memetakan kes di sekitar pam dan mengaitkannya dengan airnya. Mengeluarkan pemegang pam ialah contoh klasik menggunakan epidemiologi untuk mencari dan menghentikan sumber, sebelum bakteria dikenal pasti.

Jawapan

B · Ia menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety