Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

Soalan baharuKembali ke kursus

Dalam tetingkap cetak, pilih “Simpan sebagai PDF” untuk menyimpan salinan pada peranti anda.

1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

How are neuromuscular blocking drugs, such as vecuronium, safely stored?

  1. ANext to common IV antibiotics so they are easy to find
  2. BIn the general stock cupboard with the other IV drugs and no special labels
  3. CSeparate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis
  4. DMixed in the same bin as other high-use drugs
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A competent patient at high risk of falls insists on walking to the bathroom alone. What is the best nursing approach?

  1. AExplain the risks, agree on ways to reduce them, respect the decision and document
  2. BApply wrist restraints so the patient stays in bed
  3. CTell the patient that walking alone is against hospital law
  4. DRemove the patient’s shoes and walking aid so that they cannot walk alone
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

Why should reddened skin over a bony area not be massaged?

  1. AMassage makes the redness spread to other areas
  2. BMassage hides early signs of infection
  3. CMassage can damage the deeper tissues further
  4. DMassage is only allowed when done by a physiotherapist
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

A patient who had a GCS of 15 this morning now opens their eyes only to voice and is confused. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive a sedative to calm the confusion
  2. BRecord it and recheck at the next routine time
  3. CLet the patient sleep, as they are probably tired
  4. DTreat it as deterioration and escalate urgently
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Jangkitan manakah komplikasi tipikal penggunaan antibiotik spektrum luas, yang menyebabkan cirit-birit teruk?

  1. AHepatitis A
  2. BJangkitan Salmonella
  3. CJangkitan Clostridioides difficile
  4. DJangkitan Helicobacter pylori
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Pada 1854 John Snow menjejaki wabak kolera di London kepada pam air Broad Street. Mengapakah kajian ini penting?

  1. AIa membuktikan bahawa kolera disebabkan oleh virus
  2. BIa menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden
  3. CIa menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui "udara busuk" (miasma)
  4. DIa membawa terus kepada vaksin kolera pertama

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · Separate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Neuromuscular blockers stop breathing. They are stored apart from other drugs, often in sealed or colored containers with warnings such as “Paralyzing agent: causes respiratory arrest”.

Jawapan

C · Separate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · Explain the risks, agree on ways to reduce them, respect the decision and document

Mengapa ini jawapannya

A competent patient can accept a risk. The nurse explains the danger, offers measures such as a low bed, non-slip footwear, a clear path and a call light, respects the choice and documents the discussion.

Jawapan

A · Explain the risks, agree on ways to reduce them, respect the decision and document
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: C · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Massaging red, pressure-damaged areas can tear small blood vessels and worsen tissue damage. Pressure is relieved by repositioning instead.

Jawapan

C · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · Treat it as deterioration and escalate urgently

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The score has dropped to about 13. Any new fall in consciousness or new confusion needs urgent escalation, a full ABCDE assessment and a check of glucose.

Jawapan

D · Treat it as deterioration and escalate urgently
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: C · Jangkitan Clostridioides difficile

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Antibiotik membunuh bakteria usus normal, membolehkan C. difficile yang menghasilkan toksin membiak berlebihan. Sporanya tidak dibunuh oleh gel alkohol, maka perlu mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air.

Jawapan

C · Jangkitan Clostridioides difficile
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: B · Ia menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Snow memetakan kes di sekitar pam dan mengaitkannya dengan airnya. Mengeluarkan pemegang pam ialah contoh klasik menggunakan epidemiologi untuk mencari dan menghentikan sumber, sebelum bakteria dikenal pasti.

Jawapan

B · Ia menunjukkan bahawa kolera tersebar melalui air tercemar, lalu menjadi asas epidemiologi moden

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety