A child has swallowed a button battery. Why is this urgent?
AIt is only harmful if several batteries are swallowed
BIt always passes through the gut without harm
CIt can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
DThe only risk is poisoning from heavy metals years later
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar
A 2-year-old living in a house built many decades ago has anemia, irritability and poor appetite. Which cause should the nurse suspect?
ACarbon dioxide from a gas cooker
BIron overload from eating too much red meat
CLead poisoning from old paint dust or chips
DA food allergy to cow’s milk proteins
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana
At what angle is a subcutaneous injection usually given?
AAlways parallel to the skin
B45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
C90 degrees after stretching the skin flat
DAlways exactly 15 degrees, with the skin stretched flat
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar
A patient going home on warfarin has been taught about the drug. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll keep my appointments for blood tests."
B"I'll report any blood in my urine or black stools."
C"I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."
D"I'll try to keep the amount of green vegetables I eat steady."
5.MikrobiologiSederhana
Pneumonia Pneumocystis jirovecii pada orang dengan HIV lanjut ialah contoh:
AJangkitan bawaan makanan
BJangkitan zoonotik
CJangkitan bawaan vektor
DJangkitan oportunis
6.MikrobiologiSukar
Joseph Lister mengurangkan jangkitan selepas pembedahan pada 1860-an. Apakah inovasi utamanya?
AMemvaksin pakar bedah terhadap stafilokokus
BMemberi antibiotik sulfonamida selepas setiap pembedahan
CMenggunakan asid karbolik (fenol) sebagai antiseptik pada luka dan peralatan
DMenggunakan autoklaf stim untuk mensterilkan semua peralatan pembedahan sebelum setiap pembedahan
3Larutan
1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: C · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
Mengapa ini jawapannya
A button battery lodged in the esophagus can cause severe chemical burns within a few hours, so the child needs emergency assessment and often removal. It should never be treated as harmless.
Jawapan
C · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: C · Lead poisoning from old paint dust or chips
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Lead-based paint in older housing is the main source of lead exposure in young children, who put dust and chips in their mouths. Lead can cause anemia, behavior changes and developmental problems, and a blood lead level confirms it.
Jawapan
C · Lead poisoning from old paint dust or chips
3.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: B · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
Mengapa ini jawapannya
The angle depends on needle length and body fat. A short needle at 90 degrees suits most adults; in thin patients a pinch of skin or a 45-degree angle avoids reaching muscle.
Jawapan
B · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
4.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: C · "I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Vitamin K in green vegetables opposes warfarin, so a stable intake keeps the INR steady. Cutting them out suddenly can make the INR rise; bleeding signs and blood tests are correct points.
Jawapan
C · "I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: D · Jangkitan oportunis
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Jangkitan oportunis mengambil kesempatan atas sistem imun yang lemah. Dalam HIV ia menjadi lazim apabila kiraan CD4 jatuh ke paras rendah.
Jawapan
D · Jangkitan oportunis
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: C · Menggunakan asid karbolik (fenol) sebagai antiseptik pada luka dan peralatan
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Lister menggunakan asid karbolik pada luka, pembalut dan peralatan, yang sangat mengurangkan jangkitan selepas pembedahan. Ini memulakan pembedahan antiseptik.
Jawapan
C · Menggunakan asid karbolik (fenol) sebagai antiseptik pada luka dan peralatan