Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

A patient with delirium is at risk of falls and of pulling out lines. Which option is less restrictive than restraints?

  1. AA trained sitter or video monitoring with staff nearby
  2. BA vest restraint applied for the whole night
  3. CA sedative given every few hours as needed
  4. DFour side rails raised and the door closed so the patient stays in bed
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A patient sitting in a chair starts to have a generalized seizure. What should the nurse do?

  1. ALeave to get the provider, then return
  2. BPut a padded tongue blade between the teeth to protect the tongue and airway
  3. CHold the patient firmly in the chair until the seizure stops
  4. DEase the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

How should the opening of a stoma bag be cut?

  1. ASmaller than the stoma so it grips it tightly
  2. BMuch larger than the stoma so that the edge never rubs against it
  3. CTo fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
  4. DIn any shape, as long as the bag sticks
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

The wife of a man with terminal cancer cries often and says she is already grieving for him. What is this called?

  1. ADisenfranchised grief
  2. BComplicated grief
  3. CDelayed grief
  4. DAnticipatory grief
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Famili virus manakah yang merangkumi virus penyebab ruam demam (cold sores) dan cacar air?

  1. APikornavirus
  2. BVirus herpes
  3. CRetrovirus
  4. DKoronavirus
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Toksin bakteria manakah yang menyebabkan kekejangan otot tetanus?

  1. ATetanospasmin, yang menyekat pembebasan neurotransmiter perencat
  2. BToksin kolera, yang mengaktifkan adenilat siklase
  3. CToksin botulinum, yang menyekat pembebasan asetilkolin pada simpang neuromuskular
  4. DEndotoksin daripada membran luar

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · A trained sitter or video monitoring with staff nearby

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Close observation by a sitter or video monitoring allows staff to step in quickly, without restricting the patient. It is often combined with reorientation and family presence.

Jawapan

A · A trained sitter or video monitoring with staff nearby
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: D · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The nurse guides the patient gently to the floor, cushions the head, moves objects away and turns the patient on their side to protect the airway. The nurse stays, times the seizure and calls for help.

Jawapan

D · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: C · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The opening should fit snugly so stoma output does not reach the skin, but not so tight that it damages the stoma. Stomas shrink in the weeks after surgery, so the size is re-measured.

Jawapan

C · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · Anticipatory grief

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Anticipatory grief happens before an expected death. It is a normal reaction, and nurses can support it by listening and involving the family in care.

Jawapan

D · Anticipatory grief
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: B · Virus herpes

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Herpes simpleks (cold sores) dan varisela-zoster (cacar air, kayap) ialah virus herpes yang kekal pendam dalam ganglia deria dan boleh diaktifkan semula.

Jawapan

B · Virus herpes
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Tetanospasmin, yang menyekat pembebasan neurotransmiter perencat

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Tetanospasmin daripada Clostridium tetani menyekat pembebasan GABA dan glisin daripada interneuron perencat, menyebabkan lumpuh spastik. Toksin botulinum pula menyebabkan lumpuh lembik.

Jawapan

A · Tetanospasmin, yang menyekat pembebasan neurotransmiter perencat

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety