Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

When is it appropriate to use the override function on an automated dispensing cabinet to take a drug before pharmacist review?

  1. AOnly in an urgent situation where delay would harm the patient, per policy
  2. BWhenever the nurse is sure of the dose
  3. CAt the start of each shift to save time later
  4. DWhenever the pharmacist is slow to review new orders and the patient is waiting
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A patient restrained because of violent behavior is now calm, oriented and following instructions. What should the nurse do?

  1. AKeep the restraints until the next provider visit
  2. BRemove one restraint each day to test the patient’s behavior
  3. CRemove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
  4. DKeep the restraints until the order expires
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

How should a rectal suppository be inserted?

  1. AAfter the patient has stood up and bent forward
  2. BInto the middle of the stool in the rectum so it softens it
  3. CJust inside the anus, without passing the sphincter
  4. DPast the internal sphincter, against the rectal wall
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

Which feature suggests that a sore area is a moisture lesion rather than a pressure ulcer?

  1. AA deep wound with straight edges over the hip
  2. BDiffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone
  3. CA circular area of damage directly over the sacral bone
  4. DA dark area of necrotic tissue over the heel
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Apakah yang dilakukan PCR di makmal diagnostik?

  1. AIa menumbuhkan bakteria dengan lebih pantas pada plat agar
  2. BIa membuat banyak salinan jujukan DNA tertentu supaya dapat dikesan
  3. CIa mewarnakan bakteria supaya kelihatan
  4. DIa mengukur paras antibodi spesifik dalam sampel serum pesakit
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Seorang pesakit yang mengambil ubat imunosupresi dos tinggi selepas pemindahan organ perlu menerima vaksinasi. Jenis vaksin manakah yang lazimnya dielakkan?

  1. AVaksin virus keseluruhan yang tidak aktif
  2. BVaksin toksoid
  3. CVaksin hidup yang dilemahkan
  4. DVaksin subunit

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · Only in an urgent situation where delay would harm the patient, per policy

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Pharmacist review checks for allergies, interactions and dosing errors. Overrides are limited to true emergencies and drugs on an approved list, because bypassing review has led to serious errors.

Jawapan

A · Only in an urgent situation where delay would harm the patient, per policy
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Restraints are used only as long as needed to keep people safe. Once the patient no longer presents a danger, the restraints are removed, even if the order has not yet expired.

Jawapan

C · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · Past the internal sphincter, against the rectal wall

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The suppository is pushed past the internal anal sphincter and placed against the rectal wall, usually with the patient lying on the left side. Placing it in stool stops absorption.

Jawapan

D · Past the internal sphincter, against the rectal wall
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: B · Diffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Moisture lesions are usually superficial, diffuse and irregular, often in the natal cleft or skin folds. Pressure ulcers are typically over bony prominences and may have necrotic tissue.

Jawapan

B · Diffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: B · Ia membuat banyak salinan jujukan DNA tertentu supaya dapat dikesan

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Tindak balas rantai polimerase menggandakan jujukan sasaran berjuta kali. Ia boleh mengesan patogen yang sukar dikultur; virus RNA ditukar terlebih dahulu kepada DNA (RT-PCR).

Jawapan

B · Ia membuat banyak salinan jujukan DNA tertentu supaya dapat dikesan
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: C · Vaksin hidup yang dilemahkan

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Vaksin hidup mengandungi organisma yang dilemahkan yang boleh menyebabkan penyakit apabila sistem imun ditekan dengan teruk. Vaksin tidak aktif, toksoid dan subunit selamat, walaupun tindak balasnya mungkin lebih lemah.

Jawapan

C · Vaksin hidup yang dilemahkan

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