Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

Which PPE does a nurse wear when giving an IV chemotherapy drug?

  1. AA reusable cloth gown and one pair of gloves
  2. BA surgical mask and no gloves
  3. CTwo pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
  4. DOne pair of standard latex gloves, changed after the infusion is started
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A patient’s blood splashes onto a nurse’s forearm. The skin is intact. What is the correct response?

  1. AWash the area with soap and water, then follow the reporting policy
  2. BDo nothing, because intact skin cannot be contaminated
  3. CScrub the area with undiluted bleach
  4. DStart HIV post-exposure prophylaxis right away, before any other step is taken
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

A catheterised patient has had no urine in the bag for two hours. What should the nurse check first?

  1. ANothing, as two hours without urine is normal
  2. BThe patient's blood glucose level and recent insulin doses
  3. CWhether the patient has eaten or drunk anything recently
  4. DThe tubing for kinks or blockage and where the bag is
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

A nurse develops vomiting and diarrhoea during a norovirus outbreak. When can they usually return to work (UK guidance)?

  1. A48 hours after the symptoms have stopped
  2. BAfter a full week, whatever the symptoms
  3. CThe next shift, if they feel well enough
  4. DAs soon as the vomiting stops
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Pada fasa manakah dalam lengkung pertumbuhan bakteria sel membahagi pada kadar tetap yang paling pantas?

  1. AFasa pegun (mendatar)
  2. BFasa kematian
  3. CFasa lengah (penyesuaian)
  4. DFasa log (eksponen)
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Mengapakah ujian antibodi HIV boleh negatif dalam minggu-minggu pertama selepas jangkitan?

  1. AAntibodi dimusnahkan oleh reagen ujian
  2. BHIV tidak mencetuskan penghasilan antibodi langsung
  3. CBadan belum menghasilkan antibodi yang cukup untuk dikesan
  4. DVirus hanya bersembunyi dalam sel darah merah semasa minggu pertama

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Hazardous drugs can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled. Staff wear double chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable, low-permeability gown, with eye and face protection if splashing is possible.

Jawapan

C · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · Wash the area with soap and water, then follow the reporting policy

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Blood on intact skin carries very little risk of bloodborne infection, but it is still washed off promptly and handled according to policy. Bleach damages skin, and prophylaxis is for higher-risk exposures.

Jawapan

A · Wash the area with soap and water, then follow the reporting policy
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · The tubing for kinks or blockage and where the bag is

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Kinked or trapped tubing, a bag above bladder level or a blocked catheter are common causes. If these are fine, the patient is assessed for low output and the doctor informed.

Jawapan

D · The tubing for kinks or blockage and where the bag is
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: A · 48 hours after the symptoms have stopped

Mengapa ini jawapannya

People can still shed norovirus after symptoms settle, so staff usually stay off work until 48 hours symptom-free. This helps stop outbreaks spreading on wards.

Jawapan

A · 48 hours after the symptoms have stopped
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: D · Fasa log (eksponen)

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Selepas fasa lengah penyesuaian, sel memasuki fasa log dan tumbuh secara eksponen. Pertumbuhan terhenti dalam fasa pegun apabila nutrien habis dan bahan buangan terkumpul.

Jawapan

D · Fasa log (eksponen)
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: C · Badan belum menghasilkan antibodi yang cukup untuk dikesan

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Antibodi mengambil masa beberapa minggu untuk muncul. Ujian gabungan yang juga mengesan antigen p24, atau ujian untuk RNA virus, memendekkan tempoh tingkap ini.

Jawapan

C · Badan belum menghasilkan antibodi yang cukup untuk dikesan

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety