Which patient has the highest risk of a burn from a heating pad?
AA healthy young adult with a strained muscle
BA patient with a sprained wrist who is fully alert
CA patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
DA patient recovering from a cold
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar
A patient with pneumonia has low blood pressure and a raised serum lactate. What does the raised lactate suggest?
AA normal response to having a fever
BRecovery from the infection is beginning
CPoor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
DMild dehydration from poor intake, with no further concern
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana
How should a patient collect a midstream urine sample?
ACollect the very first part of the stream in the pot, then pass the rest into the toilet
BCollect the last few drops after the bladder is empty
CCollect urine from the toilet bowl after passing it
DPass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar
A patient says, "I've bought nicotine patches and I'm stopping smoking on Monday." Which stage of change is this?
AContemplation
BPreparation
CMaintenance
DAction
5.MikrobiologiSederhana
Apakah yang dikesan oleh ujian ELISA?
ABentuk bakteria di bawah mikroskop
BJujukan DNA seluruh genom bakteria
CPertumbuhan bakteria pada plat agar pepejal
DAntigen atau antibodi tertentu, menggunakan enzim yang menyebabkan perubahan warna
6.MikrobiologiSukar
Kateter kencing telah dijajah oleh bakteria dalam biofilem. Mengapakah kateter itu biasanya diganti dan bukannya sekadar diberi antibiotik?
ABiofilem hanya mengandungi virus, maka antibiotik tidak berkesan
BAntibiotik merosakkan bahan kateter
CBakteria dalam biofilem dilindungi dan jauh lebih sukar dibunuh oleh antibiotik
DBakteria biofilem tidak boleh menyebabkan penyakit
3Larutan
1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: C · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Reduced sensation, as in peripheral neuropathy, prevents a person from feeling heat damage. Patients with poor sensation, poor circulation or confusion need very close monitoring if heat is used at all.
Jawapan
C · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: C · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
Mengapa ini jawapannya
When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and lactate rises. In a patient with infection and hypotension, this points to septic shock and needs urgent treatment.
Jawapan
C · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
3.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: D · Pass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot
Mengapa ini jawapannya
After cleaning, the first stream flushes bacteria from the urethra, so the midstream part is collected in a sterile container. This reduces contamination.
Jawapan
D · Pass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot
4.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: B · Preparation
Mengapa ini jawapannya
In preparation the person intends to act soon and has taken small steps, such as buying patches. Action begins when they actually stop smoking.
Jawapan
B · Preparation
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: D · Antigen atau antibodi tertentu, menggunakan enzim yang menyebabkan perubahan warna
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Dalam asai imunoserap terpaut enzim, antibodi yang dipautkan kepada enzim mengikat sasaran. Penambahan substrat menghasilkan warna, menunjukkan sama ada antigen atau antibodi hadir.
Jawapan
D · Antigen atau antibodi tertentu, menggunakan enzim yang menyebabkan perubahan warna
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: C · Bakteria dalam biofilem dilindungi dan jauh lebih sukar dibunuh oleh antibiotik
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Dalam biofilem, bakteria hidup dalam matriks pelindung, tumbuh perlahan dan boleh menahan paras antibiotik yang tinggi. Mengeluarkan peranti menyingkirkan sumber jangkitan.
Jawapan
C · Bakteria dalam biofilem dilindungi dan jauh lebih sukar dibunuh oleh antibiotik