Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

Why should a child’s weight be recorded only in kilograms?

  1. AKilograms are easier for parents to remember
  2. BChildren weigh less, so smaller units are needed
  3. CMixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors
  4. DScales that show kilograms are always more accurate than those that show pounds
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

During a procedure, a nurse sees that the team is about to start without a time-out. What should the nurse do?

  1. ASay nothing, because the surgeon is responsible for the procedure
  2. BReport it to the manager at the end of the week
  3. CSpeak up clearly and stop the start until the time-out is done
  4. DWait and raise the issue after the procedure is finished
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

During a manual blood pressure measurement in an adult, which point is usually recorded as the diastolic pressure?

  1. AWhen the sounds disappear completely
  2. BWhen the cuff is fully deflated
  3. CWhen the first clear tapping sound is heard
  4. DWhen the sounds become loudest
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

A patient going home on warfarin has been taught about the drug. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll try to keep the amount of green vegetables I eat steady."
  2. B"I'll keep my appointments for blood tests."
  3. C"I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."
  4. D"I'll report any blood in my urine or black stools."
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Organisma manakah yang menyebabkan tibi, dan apakah yang menyukarkannya diwarnakan dengan kaedah Gram?

  1. AMycobacterium tuberculosis, yang mempunyai dinding berlilin asid mikolik
  2. BLegionella pneumophila, yang hidup di dalam amuba
  3. CStreptococcus pneumoniae, yang mempunyai kapsul
  4. DMycoplasma pneumoniae, yang tidak mempunyai dinding sel untuk menyerap pewarna
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Ujian darah seorang pekerja penjagaan kesihatan positif untuk anti-HBs (antibodi permukaan hepatitis B) dan negatif untuk HBsAg serta anti-HBc. Apakah maksudnya yang paling berkemungkinan?

  1. AJangkitan hepatitis B akut semasa
  2. BImuniti daripada vaksinasi hepatitis B
  3. CJangkitan semula jadi lampau yang telah sembuh
  4. DJangkitan hepatitis B kronik

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · Mixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Pediatric doses are often calculated per kilogram. A weight recorded in pounds but read as kilograms gives a dose more than twice as high, so weight is recorded and used only in kilograms.

Jawapan

C · Mixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · Speak up clearly and stop the start until the time-out is done

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The time-out is a key step to prevent wrong-patient, wrong-site and wrong-procedure errors. Any team member who sees it being skipped should speak up and halt the procedure until it is done.

Jawapan

C · Speak up clearly and stop the start until the time-out is done
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: A · When the sounds disappear completely

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The first clear sound marks the systolic pressure; in adults the point at which the sounds disappear (phase 5) is recorded as diastolic.

Jawapan

A · When the sounds disappear completely
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: C · "I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Vitamin K in green vegetables opposes warfarin, so a stable intake keeps the INR steady. Cutting them out suddenly can make the INR rise; bleeding signs and blood tests are correct points.

Jawapan

C · "I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yang mempunyai dinding berlilin asid mikolik

Mengapa ini jawapannya

M. tuberculosis mempunyai dinding sel yang kaya dengan asid mikolik, maka ia menentang pewarnaan Gram dan dikenal pasti dengan pewarna tahan asid.

Jawapan

A · Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yang mempunyai dinding berlilin asid mikolik
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: B · Imuniti daripada vaksinasi hepatitis B

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Vaksin mengandungi HBsAg, maka orang yang divaksin menghasilkan anti-HBs tetapi tiada anti-HBc. Jangkitan semula jadi lampau memberikan kedua-dua anti-HBs dan anti-HBc, dan jangkitan berterusan menunjukkan HBsAg.

Jawapan

B · Imuniti daripada vaksinasi hepatitis B

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety