1.Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratoriSederhana
What is the purpose of a mucolytic such as carbocisteine in chronic productive cough?
- ATo widen the airways within minutes
- BTo stop the patient coughing completely, day and night
- CTo kill bacteria in the airways
- DTo make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
2.Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratoriSukar
A patient with a large pericardial effusion has a systolic pressure that falls by more than 10 mmHg during inspiration. What is this finding called?
- AA collapsing pulse
- BPulsus alternans
- CA pulse deficit
- DPulsus paradoxus
3.Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renalSederhana
A patient with advanced CKD asks how to manage indigestion. Which option should they avoid?
- ARaising the head of the bed at night
- BEating smaller, more frequent meals
- CMagnesium-containing antacids
- DAvoiding large meals late in the evening
4.Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renalSukar
A patient with a cervical spinal cord injury is helped to sit up for the first time. They become dizzy and pale, and the BP falls from 110/70 to 78/46 mmHg. What should the nurse do?
- AStand the patient up to improve the blood flow to the legs
- BContinue sitting them upright, because it will pass in an hour
- CGive a large meal and a strong coffee to raise the blood pressure
- DLower the patient back towards lying, then raise them gradually later
5.Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologiSederhana
Mengapakah pesakit diajar menyokong luka abdomen dengan bantal semasa batuk?
- AIa mengurangkan kesakitan dan tegangan, supaya mereka dapat batuk dengan baik
- BIa menggantikan keperluan analgesia tetap
- CIa melemahkan batuk supaya luka tidak berisiko
- DIa mempercepatkan penyembuhan tepi kulit
6.Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologiSukar
A patient on immunotherapy for melanoma has six watery stools a day and abdominal cramps. What should the nurse do?
- AReassure that diarrhoea is normal and harmless
- BGive loperamide and review next week
- CEscalate urgently, as immune-related colitis is likely
- DAdvise eating more fibre and fruit to firm up the stools
7.Kejururawatan klinikalSederhana
Which side effect is common when a patient starts taking metformin?
- ASevere headache
- BNausea, abdominal discomfort or diarrhoea
- CHypoglycaemia in most patients who take it
- DRapid weight gain
8.Kejururawatan klinikalSukar
Several hours after thyroid surgery, a patient has increasing neck swelling, stridor and difficulty breathing. What is most likely?
- ANormal postoperative swelling
- BA haematoma compressing the airway
- CA thyroid storm
- DHypocalcaemia from parathyroid damage
9.Nilai makmal & elektrolitSederhana
A trauma patient receives 2 L of IV crystalloid. The hemoglobin falls from 13.0 to 11.4 g/dL (130 to 114 g/L), and the vital signs are now stable. Which explanation is most likely?
- ADilution of the blood by the IV fluid
- BA laboratory error in the first sample
- CIncreased red cell production
- DA sudden failure of the bone marrow
10.Nilai makmal & elektrolitSukar
A patient with kidney stones and fatigue has a calcium of 11.6 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L), a high parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a low phosphate. Which condition is most likely?
- AHypoparathyroidism
- BPrimary hyperparathyroidism
- CVitamin D deficiency
- DCancer-related hypercalcemia
11.Tafsiran gas darah arteriSederhana
Gas latihan menunjukkan PaCO₂ 77 mmHg (10.3 kPa). Gunakan peraturan bahawa dalam asidosis respiratori akut HCO₃⁻ meningkat 1 mmol/L bagi setiap 10 mmHg PaCO₂ melebihi 40, bermula dari HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L, untuk mencari HCO₃⁻ yang dijangka.
PaCO₂ 77 mmHg (10.3 kPa)garis asas: 40 mmHg, 24 mmol/L
HCO₃⁻ = mmol/L
12.Tafsiran gas darah arteriSukar
Pada aras laut, gas latihan yang diambil pada oksigen 35% menunjukkan PaO₂ 88 mmHg (11.7 kPa) dan PaCO₂ 35 mmHg (4.7 kPa). Gunakan PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 untuk mencari Kecerunan A–a.
FiO₂ 35%PaO₂ 88 mmHg (11.7 kPa)PaCO₂ 35 mmHg (4.7 kPa)
Kecerunan A–a = mmHg
13.Tafsiran jalur rentak ECGSederhana
Jalur lead II ini menunjukkan flutter atrium. Ukur sela gelombang flutter dan cari kadar atrium dalam denyut seminit.
lead II, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV1 petak kecil = 0.04 s, 1 petak besar = 0.20 spanjang jalur 6 s
kadar atrium = bpm
14.Tafsiran jalur rentak ECGSukar
Jalur lead II ini menunjukkan blok AV darjah kedua jenis I (Wenckebach). Berapakah bilangan Gelombang P bagi setiap kumpulan, termasuk yang tidak dikonduksikan (nilai n bagi blok n:(n − 1))?
lead II, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV1 petak kecil = 0.04 s, 1 petak besar = 0.20 spanjang jalur 6 s
Gelombang P bagi setiap kumpulan =
15.Pemberian keutamaan & delegasiSederhana
Seorang dewasa yang stabil dengan tanda vital normal mempunyai luka pada tangan yang memerlukan jahitan dan tiada yang lain. ESI tahap manakah yang sesuai?
- ATahap 4
- BTahap 3
- CTahap 2
- DTahap 5
16.Pemberian keutamaan & delegasiSukar
A severely malnourished patient started nutrition two days ago and now has weakness and confusion. Which laboratory result should the nurse check first?
- ASerum amylase
- BThyroid hormone
- CSerum cholesterol
- DSerum phosphate