1.Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratoriSederhana
Suspected pulmonary TB is being investigated. How are sputum samples usually collected?
- AA single sample after the first week of treatment
- BSeveral samples, ideally including early-morning sputum
- COne sample of saliva collected at any time of the day
- DA swab from the nose only
2.Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratoriSukar
Why is the cuff pressure of an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube checked regularly?
- AThe cuff pressure sets the ventilator's breathing rate
- BThe cuff must be kept fully deflated in every ventilated patient
- CToo high a pressure damages the trachea; too low allows aspiration
- DThe cuff pressure directly controls the patient's oxygen saturation
3.Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renalSederhana
A man starts tamsulosin for BPH. Which teaching point is most important?
- AStop it if the urine stream improves
- BExpect the drug to shrink the prostate within a day
- CStand up slowly, because it can make you dizzy
- DTake it with grapefruit juice to make it work better
4.Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renalSukar
A nurse teaches foot care to a patient with diabetic neuropathy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
- A"I will check that the bath water is not too hot using my elbow."
- B"I will check my feet every day, using a mirror for the soles."
- C"I will wear socks and shoes that fit well and do not rub."
- D"I will buy corn plasters from the pharmacy for my corn."
5.Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologiSederhana
Why is IV albumin often given after a large-volume paracentesis?
- ATo raise the blood glucose after the procedure
- BTo treat infection in the ascitic fluid
- CTo prevent low blood pressure and kidney injury from fluid shifts
- DTo replace the clotting factors and platelets lost in the drained fluid
6.Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologiSukar
A sacral wound has heavy exudate, and the surrounding skin is white, soft and wrinkled. What should the nurse do?
- AUse a dressing that adds even more moisture
- BProtect the skin edges and use a more absorbent dressing
- CApply a tight plastic film directly over the wound
- DLeave the same dressing in place for a week so the wound is not disturbed
7.Kejururawatan klinikalSederhana
How does CPAP help a patient with obstructive sleep apnoea?
- AIt strengthens the breathing muscles during the day
- BIt keeps the upper airway open during sleep with continuous air pressure
- CIt delivers bronchodilator drugs deep into the lungs overnight
- DIt removes excess carbon dioxide from the lungs by gentle suction
8.Kejururawatan klinikalSukar
After a head injury, a patient has clear fluid leaking from the nose. What does this most likely suggest?
- AA normal and harmless response to head trauma
- BAcute sinusitis
- CA base-of-skull fracture with a cerebrospinal fluid leak
- DAllergic rhinitis triggered by the hospital environment
9.Nilai makmal & elektrolitSederhana
A nurse has a needlestick injury from a patient with unknown HIV status. Which test is usually done for the nurse as soon as possible?
- AA sweat chloride test
- BA serum lipase test
- CA thyroid panel test
- DA baseline HIV test
10.Nilai makmal & elektrolitSukar
A patient with kidney stones and fatigue has a calcium of 11.6 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L), a high parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a low phosphate. Which condition is most likely?
- ACancer-related hypercalcemia
- BHypoparathyroidism
- CVitamin D deficiency
- DPrimary hyperparathyroidism
11.Tafsiran gas darah arteriSederhana
Nilai latihan: Na⁺ 139 mmol/L, glukosa 9.8 mmol/L dan urea 8.4 mmol/L. Hitung osmolaliti serum Osm = 2·Na⁺ + glukosa + urea kepada nombor bulat terdekat.
Na⁺ 139 mmol/Lglukosa 9.8 mmol/Lurea 8.4 mmol/L
Osm = mOsm/kg
12.Tafsiran gas darah arteriSukar
Gas latihan menunjukkan alkalosis metabolik dengan HCO₃⁻ 35 mmol/L. Gunakan PaCO₂ yang dijangka = 0.7·HCO₃⁻ + 21 untuk mencari PaCO₂ yang dijangka.
HCO₃⁻ 35 mmol/L
PaCO₂ = mmHg
13.Tafsiran jalur rentak ECGSederhana
Jalur lead II ini menunjukkan flutter atrium. Ukur sela gelombang flutter dan cari kadar atrium dalam denyut seminit.
lead II, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV1 petak kecil = 0.04 s, 1 petak besar = 0.20 spanjang jalur 6 s
kadar atrium = bpm
14.Tafsiran jalur rentak ECGSukar
Jalur lead II ini menunjukkan blok AV, jadi atrium dan ventrikel berdenyut pada kadar yang berbeza. Kompleks QRS adalah teratur: cari kadar ventrikel dalam denyut seminit (kaedah 1500, nombor bulat).
lead II, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV1 petak kecil = 0.04 s, 1 petak besar = 0.20 spanjang jalur 6 s
kadar ventrikel = bpm
15.Pemberian keutamaan & delegasiSederhana
A patient is booked for a CT scan with iodinated contrast. Which of the patient’s medications may need to be held according to protocol?
- AAcetaminophen (paracetamol)
- BMetformin
- CLevothyroxine
- DOmeprazole
16.Pemberian keutamaan & delegasiSukar
A patient suddenly has severe pain in one leg. The leg is pale and cold with no pedal pulse. What does this suggest?
- AA muscle cramp that will pass with stretching
- BAcute arterial occlusion, which is an emergency
- CChronic venous insufficiency that needs elevation
- DA deep vein thrombosis that can be treated next week