1.Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratoriSederhana
Which foot care advice is correct for a patient with peripheral arterial disease?
- ACut corns with a razor blade to prevent pressure
- BCheck the feet daily and wear well-fitting shoes
- CUse a hot water bottle on the feet at night
- DWalk barefoot at home to strengthen the feet
2.Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratoriSukar
During a cardiac arrest, the monitor shows an organised rhythm, but there is no pulse. What should the team do?
- AContinue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
- BGive adenosine to slow the rhythm down
- CDeliver an unsynchronised shock at once and then check the pulse
- DStop CPR, because an organised rhythm on the monitor means recovery
3.Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renalSederhana
A nurse is teaching a patient going home after a mild concussion. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
- A"A few drinks tonight will help me relax and sleep."
- B"I will come back if I start vomiting again and again."
- C"I will return if my headache gets steadily worse."
- D"Someone will stay with me for the first night."
4.Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renalSukar
A patient with nephrotic syndrome suddenly has loin pain, blood in the urine and a rise in creatinine. What is a likely cause?
- ARenal vein thrombosis
- BToo much dietary protein
- CA simple bladder infection
- DNormal fluctuation in the disease
5.Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologiSederhana
Why is IV albumin often given after a large-volume paracentesis?
- ATo prevent low blood pressure and kidney injury from fluid shifts
- BTo raise the blood glucose after the procedure
- CTo replace the clotting factors and platelets lost in the drained fluid
- DTo treat infection in the ascitic fluid
6.Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologiSukar
After two days of large volumes of IV 5% glucose, a postoperative patient becomes confused with a headache. Sodium is 124 mmol/L. What is the likely cause?
- ANormal confusion after any anaesthetic
- BHypoglycaemia from the glucose
- CHypernatraemia from too much salt
- DHyponatraemia from hypotonic fluids
7.Kejururawatan klinikalSederhana
Why must a patient with a new coronary stent not stop their antiplatelet medicines without specialist advice?
- AStopping causes severe low blood pressure
- BStopping early greatly increases the risk of a clot forming in the stent
- CStopping causes immediate kidney failure
- DThe stent will dissolve if the drugs are stopped before the course ends
8.Kejururawatan klinikalSukar
Pesakit dengan kateter vena pusat tiba-tiba menjadi sesak nafas dan hipotensi semasa talian diputuskan dengan pesakit duduk tegak. Komplikasi manakah yang paling mungkin?
- AHipoglisemia
- BFlebitis
- CPneumonia
- DEmbolisme udara
9.Nilai makmal & elektrolitSederhana
Which instruction is correct for a patient taking an oral potassium chloride supplement?
- AUse a salt substitute as well, so less of the tablet is needed each day
- BTake it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
- CTake it on an empty stomach with only a small sip of water to speed absorption
- DCrush the extended-release tablets and mix them with a little water if needed
10.Nilai makmal & elektrolitSukar
Seorang pesakit kekurangan zat makanan mula makan semula dan, pada hari ke-3, mempunyai fosfat 1.2 mg/dL (0.39 mmol/L) dengan kelemahan otot dan sesak nafas. Apakah risiko utamanya?
- APertambahan berat badan yang pantas, tetapi tiada bahaya serius
- BBatu karang akibat kalsium yang dibebaskan oleh tulang
- COtot pernafasan yang lemah dan kegagalan jantung akibat fosfat rendah
- DHiperkalemia yang disebabkan oleh sel membebaskan kalium
11.Tafsiran gas darah arteriSederhana
Gas latihan menunjukkan asidosis metabolik dengan HCO₃⁻ 16 mmol/L. Gunakan rumus Winter untuk mencari PaCO₂ yang dijangka (tengah julat) dalam mmHg.
HCO₃⁻ 16 mmol/L
PaCO₂ = mmHg
12.Tafsiran gas darah arteriSukar
Nilai latihan: Na⁺ 138, Cl⁻ 113, HCO₃⁻ 10 mmol/L dan albumin 30 g/L. Cari sela anion terbetul albumin AGc = AG + 0.25·(40 − albumin).
Na⁺ 138 mmol/LCl⁻ 113 mmol/LHCO₃⁻ 10 mmol/Lalbumin 30 g/L
AGc = mmol/L
13.Tafsiran jalur rentak ECGSederhana
Ukur sela QT dan sela R–R pada jalur lead II yang teratur ini, kemudian kira QTc yang dibetulkan mengikut kadar dengan formula Bazett QTc = QT/√RR (kedua-duanya dalam saat). Berikan jawapan dalam saat kepada tiga tempat perpuluhan.
lead II, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV1 petak kecil = 0.04 s, 1 petak besar = 0.20 spanjang jalur 6 s
QTc = s
14.Tafsiran jalur rentak ECGSukar
Jalur lead II ini menunjukkan blok AV, jadi atrium dan ventrikel berdenyut pada kadar yang berbeza. Ukur sela P–P dan cari kadar atrium dalam denyut seminit (kaedah 1500, nombor bulat).
lead II, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV1 petak kecil = 0.04 s, 1 petak besar = 0.20 spanjang jalur 6 s
kadar atrium = bpm
15.Pemberian keutamaan & delegasiSederhana
Before giving a medication to a child, which check is especially important?
- AThat the dose is correct for the child’s weight
- BThat the medicine cup is the child’s favorite color
- CThat the child likes the taste of the drug
- DThat the parent agrees with the time it is given
16.Pemberian keutamaan & delegasiSukar
Which nursing approach may raise intracranial pressure in a patient with a head injury?
- AKeeping the head in line with the body
- BKeeping the room calm and quiet
- CDoing suctioning, turning and bathing all at the same time
- DSpacing out care with rest periods in between activities