1.Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratoriSederhana
In heart failure, why does activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system worsen symptoms over time?
- AIt lowers the blood pressure to very low levels over time
- BIt makes the kidneys pass too much dilute urine each day
- CIt slows the heart rate dangerously
- DIt causes sodium and water retention and vasoconstriction
2.Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratoriSukar
A nurse teaches a patient how to measure blood pressure at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
- A"I will take two readings and write them both down."
- B"I will measure it straight after my morning jog."
- C"I will sit with my back supported and my arm at heart level."
- D"I will rest quietly for five minutes before measuring."
3.Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renalSederhana
Which statement about the PSA blood test is correct?
- AA normal result always rules out any prostate cancer
- BIt can be raised by benign problems as well as by cancer
- CA raised result always means prostate cancer
- DIt is only raised in women with bladder cancer
4.Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renalSukar
A patient with long-standing diabetes suddenly has many new floaters and painless loss of vision in one eye. What is most likely, and what is needed?
- AA migraine aura, needing pain relief
- BNormal ageing of the lens, needing new glasses
- CDry eyes, needing lubricating drops
- DA bleed into the eye from retinopathy, needing urgent review
5.Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologiSederhana
Why should antacids usually be taken at a different time from other medicines?
- AThey stop the kidneys from clearing other drugs
- BThey destroy other drugs before they are swallowed
- CThey can reduce the absorption of many other drugs
- DThey make all other drugs much more toxic
6.Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologiSukar
After surgery, a patient keeps asking for analgesia before it is due, watches the clock and rates pain 8/10. What is the most appropriate interpretation?
- APain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan
- BThe patient is addicted and should have analgesia withheld
- CThe patient needs only distraction and no change in drugs
- DThe patient is exaggerating, so the pain scores should be ignored for now
7.Kejururawatan klinikalSederhana
Which ECG change is typical of hypokalaemia?
- AST elevation in leads II, III and aVF
- BTall, peaked T waves
- CA very short PR interval with a delta wave
- DFlattened T waves and prominent U waves
8.Kejururawatan klinikalSukar
A nurse phones a doctor about a deteriorating patient using SBAR. Which statement belongs in the "R" section?
- A"Please review him within the next 15 minutes."
- B"His blood pressure is 85/50 and he is confused."
- C"He was admitted three days ago with pneumonia."
- D"I am calling about Mr Smith, who is breathless."
9.Nilai makmal & elektrolitSederhana
A patient takes high-dose biotin supplements for hair and nails. Why should the nurse report this before blood tests?
- ABiotin lowers the hemoglobin by destroying the red cells
- BBiotin makes the blood clot in the tube before testing
- CBiotin causes a true rise in blood glucose in all patients
- DBiotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
10.Nilai makmal & elektrolitSukar
A patient has painless jaundice, itching, dark urine and pale stools. ALP is markedly raised, conjugated (direct) bilirubin is high and ALT is only mildly raised. What is the most likely cause?
- AGilbert syndrome, a harmless inherited bilirubin disorder
- BBlockage of bile flow, for example by a tumor in the bile duct
- CAcute viral hepatitis with widespread liver cell damage
- DIncreased breakdown of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia)
11.Tafsiran gas darah arteriSederhana
Nilai latihan: Na⁺ 145 mmol/L, glukosa 15.7 mmol/L dan urea 16.7 mmol/L. Hitung osmolaliti serum Osm = 2·Na⁺ + glukosa + urea kepada nombor bulat terdekat.
Na⁺ 145 mmol/Lglukosa 15.7 mmol/Lurea 16.7 mmol/L
Osm = mOsm/kg
12.Tafsiran gas darah arteriSukar
Gas latihan menunjukkan alkalosis metabolik dengan HCO₃⁻ 46 mmol/L. Gunakan PaCO₂ yang dijangka = 0.7·HCO₃⁻ + 21 untuk mencari PaCO₂ yang dijangka.
HCO₃⁻ 46 mmol/L
PaCO₂ = mmHg
13.Tafsiran jalur rentak ECGSederhana
Ukur sela QT dan sela R–R pada jalur lead II yang teratur ini, kemudian kira QTc yang dibetulkan mengikut kadar dengan formula Bazett QTc = QT/√RR (kedua-duanya dalam saat). Berikan jawapan dalam saat kepada tiga tempat perpuluhan.
lead II, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV1 petak kecil = 0.04 s, 1 petak besar = 0.20 spanjang jalur 6 s
QTc = s
14.Tafsiran jalur rentak ECGSukar
Jalur lead II ini menunjukkan blok AV, jadi atrium dan ventrikel berdenyut pada kadar yang berbeza. Kompleks QRS adalah teratur: cari kadar ventrikel dalam denyut seminit (kaedah 1500, nombor bulat).
lead II, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV1 petak kecil = 0.04 s, 1 petak besar = 0.20 spanjang jalur 6 s
kadar ventrikel = bpm
15.Pemberian keutamaan & delegasiSederhana
A malnourished patient admitted with alcohol use disorder needs IV glucose. Which vitamin is given before or with it?
- AThiamine (vitamin B1)
- BVitamin C (ascorbic acid)
- CVitamin D (calciferol)
- DVitamin K (phytonadione)
16.Pemberian keutamaan & delegasiSukar
A patient has a chest drain for a pneumothorax. The nurse sees constant bubbling in the water-seal chamber. What does this most likely mean?
- AThe lung has fully re-expanded, so the drain is ready to come out
- BThe suction is set too low and needs to be turned up
- CAn air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
- DThe drain is working normally and no action is needed