Hormati hak: pilihan yang paling kurang menyekat, persetujuan dan kerahsiaan beserta hadnya.
2Soalan latihan
1.Kejururawatan kesihatan mentalSederhana
Which pattern suggests premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
ALow mood throughout the whole month that is not linked to the menstrual cycle
BMild bloating the day before a period, without any mood changes
CMood symptoms that begin only after the menopause and last for several years
DMarked mood symptoms in the week before menstruation that improve within a few days after it starts
2.Kejururawatan kesihatan mentalSukar
A patient in DBT feels a strong urge to self-harm after a distressing phone call. Which DBT skill module is designed to help her get through this moment without making things worse?
ASystematic desensitisation
BDistress tolerance
CCognitive restructuring of core beliefs
DInterpersonal effectiveness
3.Psikologi klinikalSederhana
Benzodiazepin mengurangkan kebimbangan terutamanya dengan:
AMenyekat reseptor dopamin D2
BMerencat monoamina oksidase
CMeningkatkan kesan GABA pada reseptor GABA-A
DMenyekat pengambilan semula serotonin ke dalam neuron prasinaps
4.Psikologi klinikalSukar
Penemuan manakah yang paling menyokong peranan serotonin dan monoamina lain, bukan keadaan semata-mata, dalam kemurungan?
ASemua orang yang mengalami kehilangan menjadi murung
BKadar kemurungan sama di semua negara, walaupun terdapat perbezaan besar dalam keadaan sosial dan ekonomi
CUbat yang bertindak pada sistem monoamina mengurangkan gejala kemurungan lebih daripada plasebo dalam ujian rawak
DKemurungan tidak pernah berlaku dalam keluarga
5.FarmakologiSederhana
What should the nurse teach a patient about taking levothyroxine?
ATake it together with the iron tablet to save time
BTake it only on days when feeling tired
CTake it with milk at dinner, as calcium protects the stomach lining
DTake it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
6.FarmakologiSukar
Why is vancomycin given by mouth, not intravenously, for Clostridioides difficile infection?
AOral vancomycin is absorbed into the blood better than IV vancomycin
BThe oral form is cheaper but has the same effect as IV
COral vancomycin is not absorbed, so it reaches high levels in the colon
DIntravenous vancomycin causes C. difficile infection
3Larutan
1.Kejururawatan kesihatan mental
Jawapan: D · Marked mood symptoms in the week before menstruation that improve within a few days after it starts
Mengapa ini jawapannya
In PMDD, symptoms such as irritability, low mood, anxiety and mood swings occur in the final week before menses, improve after onset and are minimal in the week after. Symptoms should be confirmed with daily ratings over at least two cycles.
Jawapan
D · Marked mood symptoms in the week before menstruation that improve within a few days after it starts
2.Kejururawatan kesihatan mental
Jawapan: B · Distress tolerance
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Distress tolerance skills help a person cope with intense emotion in a crisis without acting on harmful urges, for example through distraction, self-soothing or changing body temperature.
Jawapan
B · Distress tolerance
3.Psikologi klinikal
Jawapan: C · Meningkatkan kesan GABA pada reseptor GABA-A
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Benzodiazepin meningkatkan aktiviti reseptor GABA-A, menghasilkan kesan menenangkan dengan cepat. Disebabkan toleransi dan kebergantungan, ia biasanya disyorkan untuk penggunaan jangka pendek sahaja.
Jawapan
C · Meningkatkan kesan GABA pada reseptor GABA-A
4.Psikologi klinikal
Jawapan: C · Ubat yang bertindak pada sistem monoamina mengurangkan gejala kemurungan lebih daripada plasebo dalam ujian rawak
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Antidepresan yang menyasarkan monoamina mengatasi plasebo secara purata, walaupun dengan margin sederhana. Ini menyokong sumbangan biologi tetapi tidak menunjukkan bahawa serotonin rendah sahaja menyebabkan kemurungan.
Jawapan
C · Ubat yang bertindak pada sistem monoamina mengurangkan gejala kemurungan lebih daripada plasebo dalam ujian rawak
5.Farmakologi
Jawapan: D · Take it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Levothyroxine is best absorbed on an empty stomach, and calcium, iron and antacids should be taken some hours apart. It is taken every day, usually for life.
Jawapan
D · Take it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
6.Farmakologi
Jawapan: C · Oral vancomycin is not absorbed, so it reaches high levels in the colon
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Oral vancomycin stays in the gut and acts directly on C. difficile in the colon. IV vancomycin is not excreted into the gut in useful amounts, so it does not treat this infection.
Jawapan
C · Oral vancomycin is not absorbed, so it reaches high levels in the colon