Hormati hak: pilihan yang paling kurang menyekat, persetujuan dan kerahsiaan beserta hadnya.
2Soalan latihan
1.Kejururawatan kesihatan mentalSederhana
According to DSM-5, how long must signs of the disturbance last before schizophrenia can be diagnosed?
AAt least 1 month, with no further time required
BAt least 2 years, including 6 months of active symptoms
CAt least 2 weeks of continuous symptoms
DAt least 6 months, including at least 1 month of active symptoms
2.Kejururawatan kesihatan mentalSukar
After her house burned down, a woman developed delusions and disorganised speech. Ten days later the symptoms have gone completely and she is back to normal. Which diagnosis best fits?
ASchizophrenia
BSchizophreniform disorder
CDelusional disorder
DBrief psychotic disorder
3.Psikologi klinikalSederhana
Mekanisme pertahanan manakah yang ditunjukkan apabila seseorang yang mempunyai perasaan bermusuhan yang kuat terhadap rakan sekerja bertindak dengan terlalu mesra terhadapnya?
APembentukan reaksi
BPengalihan
CPenafian
DRasionalisasi
4.Psikologi klinikalSukar
Ayllon dan Azrin memperkenalkan ekonomi token di wad psikiatri. Apakah penemuan utama dan batasannya?
AHalusinasi pesakit hilang secara kekal, dan keuntungan itu bertahan selepas discaj
BKaedah ini menyembuhkan skizofrenia dalam beberapa minggu
CToken tidak mempunyai kesan pada tingkah laku
DTingkah laku sasaran meningkat, tetapi keuntungan sering tidak diitlakkan di luar wad
5.FarmakologiSederhana
A patient with heart failure starts furosemide. Which self-monitoring instruction is most useful?
AMeasure the temperature twice a day and record it in a diary
BWeigh daily at the same time on the same scales
CCheck the blood glucose before every meal
DCount the respiratory rate each evening
6.FarmakologiSukar
A patient with severe liver cirrhosis takes oral propranolol, a drug with a high first-pass metabolism. What effect is expected?
AThe drug is excreted faster by the kidney, so it works for a shorter time
BLess drug is absorbed from the gut, so a higher dose is needed
CMore drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
DThe first-pass effect increases, so the drug becomes inactive
3Larutan
1.Kejururawatan kesihatan mental
Jawapan: D · At least 6 months, including at least 1 month of active symptoms
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Schizophrenia needs continuous signs for at least 6 months, with at least 1 month of active-phase symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations. An episode of 1 to 6 months is schizophreniform disorder.
Jawapan
D · At least 6 months, including at least 1 month of active symptoms
2.Kejururawatan kesihatan mental
Jawapan: D · Brief psychotic disorder
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Brief psychotic disorder lasts at least 1 day but less than 1 month, followed by a full return to the previous level of functioning. It may follow a severe stressor.
Jawapan
D · Brief psychotic disorder
3.Psikologi klinikal
Jawapan: A · Pembentukan reaksi
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Pembentukan reaksi menukar dorongan yang tidak boleh diterima menjadi sebaliknya, selalunya dalam bentuk yang keterlaluan.
Jawapan
A · Pembentukan reaksi
4.Psikologi klinikal
Jawapan: D · Tingkah laku sasaran meningkat, tetapi keuntungan sering tidak diitlakkan di luar wad
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Ekonomi token meningkatkan tingkah laku penjagaan diri dan kerja pada pesakit jangka panjang, tetapi perubahan cenderung pudar tanpa peneguhan, dan pendekatan ini menimbulkan kebimbangan etika tentang kawalan.
Jawapan
D · Tingkah laku sasaran meningkat, tetapi keuntungan sering tidak diitlakkan di luar wad
5.Farmakologi
Jawapan: B · Weigh daily at the same time on the same scales
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Daily weight is the best home measure of fluid balance. A rapid gain suggests fluid retention, and a rapid loss suggests overdiuresis and dehydration, both of which should be reported.
Jawapan
B · Weigh daily at the same time on the same scales
6.Farmakologi
Jawapan: C · More drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
Mengapa ini jawapannya
In cirrhosis, less of the oral dose is removed by the liver on its first pass, partly because blood bypasses the liver through shunts. Bioavailability and plasma levels rise, so doses of such drugs often need to be reduced.
Jawapan
C · More drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed