Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 16 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.
“The word ‘hydrate’ comes from the Greek word ‘hydor’, meaning water. To hydrate is to supply with water.” What does “dehydrated” most likely mean?
“The new treatment is promising,” the researcher said, “but our trial included only 40 patients, all of them under 50. We cannot yet say whether it works for older adults.” What can you infer about the researcher’s view?
Sebuah segi tiga mempunyai tapak 3 m dan tinggi 17 m. Berapakah luasnya A?
Pada sebuah peta, 1 cm mewakili 10 km. Dua bandar terpisah sejauh 195 km. Berapa jauh jarak x antara keduanya pada peta, dalam sentimeter?
Vena superfisial manakah di hadapan siku yang paling kerap digunakan untuk venepunktur?
Mengapakah patah leher femur yang beralih membawa risiko tinggi nekrosis avaskular kepala femur?
Selain menurunkan glukosa, insulin memindahkan ion manakah ke dalam sel, kesan yang digunakan untuk merawat hiperkalemia?
Mengapakah hiperkalemia teruk berbahaya bagi jantung?
Sickle cell disease is caused by a single base change that replaces one amino acid in haemoglobin. What type of mutation is this?
A man has Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). Which error most likely produced it?
Apakah jenis tindak balas Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂?
Element A has 1 valence electron and element B has 7 valence electrons, both in period 3. Which statement best compares them?
Choose the correct word: “Of the two treatments, this one is ___.”
Which word is the best replacement for “a bunch of” in a formal report? “A bunch of patients reported headaches.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The disease had an insidious onset.”
Which word is the opposite of scarce?
Jawapan: C · Lacking enough water
If “hydrate” means to supply with water, then “dehydrated” means having lost water, or lacking enough water.
Jawapan: A · More research is needed before wider use.
The researcher is cautiously positive but notes the small, young sample, which implies further studies are needed, especially in older adults.
Jawapan: A = 25.5 m²
Perimeter, luas dan isi padu: perimeter ialah jarak mengelilingi sesuatu bentuk (segi empat tepat: 2l + 2w). Luas diukur dalam unit persegi: segi empat tepat l × w, segi tiga ½ × tapak × tinggi, bulatan π·r². Lilitan bulatan ialah π·d = 2π·r. Isi padu dalam unit padu: kuboid l × w × h, silinder π·r²·h. Gunakan nilai π yang diberikan oleh soalan.
Jawapan: x = 19.5 cm
Kadar dan skala: laju = jarak ÷ masa, dengan masa dalam unit jawapan (2 h 15 min = 2.25 h, kerana 15 min = 15/60 h). Skala peta ialah kadaran: 1 cm pada peta mewakili jarak tetap di atas tanah, jadi darabkan jarak peta dengannya.
Jawapan: A · Vena kubital median
Vena kubital median melintasi fossa kubital antara vena sefalik dan basilik. Ia superfisial, besar dan agak tetap, jadi mudah ditusuk.
Jawapan: C · Ia mengoyakkan cabang retinakular arteri sirkumfleks femoral medial
Kepala femur dibekalkan terutamanya oleh cabang retinakular arteri sirkumfleks femoral medial yang berjalan sepanjang leher. Patah leher yang beralih mengoyakkannya dan kepala boleh mati.
Jawapan: A · Kalium
Insulin merangsang Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase dan menganjakkan kalium ke dalam sel. Insulin dengan glukosa oleh itu digunakan untuk menurunkan kalium plasma yang tinggi dengan berbahaya.
Jawapan: D · Ia mendepolarisasi sel jantung, menyahaktifkan saluran natrium dan menyebabkan aritmia
Kalium ekstrasel yang tinggi menjadikan potensi rehat kurang negatif. Banyak saluran natrium pantas kemudian dinyahaktifkan, memperlahankan pengaliran dan berisiko aritmia maut.
Jawapan: B · A missense mutation
A substitution that changes one amino acid is a missense mutation. In sickle cell disease, glutamic acid is replaced by valine, which makes haemoglobin molecules stick together at low oxygen levels.
Jawapan: D · Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes during meiosis in a parent
An extra whole chromosome usually comes from nondisjunction, when chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis. For example, an XY sperm fertilising an X egg, or an XX egg fertilised by a Y sperm, gives XXY.
Jawapan: B · Penggantian tunggal
Zink menggantikan hidrogen dalam HCl: A + BC → AC + B, tindak balas penggantian tunggal.
Jawapan: C · A is a reactive metal and B is a reactive nonmetal
Period 3 with 1 valence electron is sodium, a reactive metal; with 7 it is chlorine, a reactive nonmetal. They react with each other to form the ionic compound NaCl.
Jawapan: C · safer
Use the comparative form (-er or more) for two things and the superlative (-est or most) for three or more. “More safest” is a double comparison and is never correct.
Jawapan: C · Several
“Several” is precise and formal. “A bunch of”, “loads of”, “tons of” and “heaps of” are informal and should be avoided in academic and professional writing.
Jawapan: D · Gradual and hard to notice
Insidious means developing slowly and subtly, so it is noticed only when it is well advanced.
Jawapan: B · Abundant
Scarce means in short supply, and abundant means plentiful.
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