Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 16 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.
Wetlands such as marshes and swamps act like natural sponges. They soak up rainwater and release it slowly, which reduces flooding downstream. They also filter pollution from the water. Which sentence best summarises the passage?
A study compares two groups of patients after knee surgery. Group A did physiotherapy three times a week; Group B did it once a week. After two months, Group A could walk farther. The groups were similar in age and health at the start. Why does it matter that the groups were similar at the start?
Seorang pelari merekodkan jarak ini dalam kilometer sepanjang 6 hari: 36, 5, 4, 39, 33, 21. Berapakah julat R?
Sebuah bekas simpanan ialah kotak sepanjang 14 cm, selebar 25 cm dan setinggi 24 cm. Berapakah isi padunya V dalam sentimeter padu?
Bahagian kelenjar adrenal manakah yang merembeskan adrenalin?
Mengapakah pundi hempedu yang meradang dan merengsakan diafragma boleh menyebabkan sakit di hujung bahu kanan?
Apakah rangsangan utama untuk pernafasan pada orang yang sihat?
Spirometri menunjukkan FEV1 berkurang dan FVC berkurang, dengan nisbah FEV1/FVC normal atau tinggi. Corak apakah ini?
Ikatan manakah menghubungkan asid amino dalam protein?
A large molecule contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Its monomers each have a sugar and a base. What type of molecule is it?
How does a mixture of iron filings and sulfur powder differ from the compound iron sulfide?
How does a rise in temperature affect how much carbon dioxide gas can dissolve in a soft drink?
Choose the correct verb: “The nurse and the pharmacist ___ the order together.”
Choose the best transition: “The new schedule saved money. ___, staff morale dropped because of longer shifts.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The nurse applied a tourniquet before drawing blood.”
Choose the word that best completes the sentence: “Burning on urination and frequency are ___ of a urinary tract infection.”
Jawapan: C · Wetlands reduce flooding and clean water.
The passage describes two benefits of wetlands: they reduce flooding by holding water and they filter pollution.
Jawapan: D · It makes physiotherapy the more likely cause.
If the groups started out alike, differences in age or health are unlikely to explain the result, so the extra physiotherapy is a more likely cause.
Jawapan: R = 35
Min, median, mod dan julat: min (purata) ialah hasil tambah dibahagi dengan bilangan nilai. Median ialah nilai tengah apabila nilai disusun; dengan bilangan nilai genap ia ialah min bagi dua nilai tengah. Mod ialah nilai yang paling kerap muncul. Julat ialah nilai terbesar tolak nilai terkecil.
Jawapan: V = 8400 cm³
Perimeter, luas dan isi padu: perimeter ialah jarak mengelilingi sesuatu bentuk (segi empat tepat: 2l + 2w). Luas diukur dalam unit persegi: segi empat tepat l × w, segi tiga ½ × tapak × tinggi, bulatan π·r². Lilitan bulatan ialah π·d = 2π·r. Isi padu dalam unit padu: kuboid l × w × h, silinder π·r²·h. Gunakan nilai π yang diberikan oleh soalan.
Jawapan: C · Medula adrenal
Medula adrenal melepaskan adrenalin dan noradrenalin sebagai tindak balas kepada rangsangan simpatetik. Tiga zon korteks menghasilkan hormon steroid.
Jawapan: B · Saraf frenik berkongsi segmen spinal C3–C5 dengan kulit bahu
Rengsaan diafragma dibawa oleh saraf frenik (C3–C5). Otak merujuknya ke kulit yang dibekalkan oleh segmen yang sama, melalui saraf supraklavikular di atas bahu.
Jawapan: C · Peningkatan CO₂ arteri
Kemoreseptor pusat bertindak balas kepada CO₂ (melalui pH cecair serebrospina). O₂ rendah hanya menambah pemacu pernafasan dengan kuat apabila PaO₂ jatuh jauh di bawah normal, contohnya di altitud tinggi.
Jawapan: C · Corak sekatan (restriktif), seperti dalam fibrosis pulmonari
Dalam penyakit restriktif paru-paru kecil atau kaku, maka FEV1 dan FVC kedua-duanya jatuh tetapi nisbahnya terpelihara. Obstruksi menurunkan FEV1 lebih daripada FVC.
Jawapan: A · Ikatan peptida
Asid amino dihubungkan oleh ikatan peptida yang terbentuk melalui sintesis dehidrasi. Ikatan glikosida menghubungkan gula, ikatan ester terdapat dalam lemak.
Jawapan: C · A nucleic acid
Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides, each with a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base. Proteins are made of amino acids and usually lack phosphorus in their backbone.
Jawapan: C · The mixture can be separated physically, for example with a magnet
In a mixture the components are not chemically bonded, keep their properties and can be present in any ratio, so a magnet pulls out the iron. In iron sulfide the elements are bonded in a fixed ratio with new properties.
Jawapan: D · Less gas dissolves, so warm drinks go flat faster
Gas solubility decreases as temperature rises, because gas molecules gain energy and escape the liquid. Most solids show the opposite trend, dissolving better in hot water.
Jawapan: A · review
“The nurse and the pharmacist” is a compound subject joined by “and”, so it takes the plural verb “review”.
Jawapan: A · On the other hand
“On the other hand” introduces a contrasting point. “Therefore” would wrongly say the savings caused the drop, and “similarly” shows likeness.
Jawapan: C · A band that restricts blood flow
A tourniquet is a tight band that slows blood flow in a limb, making the veins easier to find.
Jawapan: D · indicative
Indicative means serving as a sign of something.
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