Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 16 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.
“Leaves change colour in autumn because the trees stop making chlorophyll, the green pigment. As the green fades, yellow and orange pigments that were there all along become visible.” Where do the yellow and orange colours come from?
“Jon shoved his hands in his pockets and kicked a stone along the path. ‘Fine,’ he muttered, ‘I didn’t want to play anyway.’” What do Jon’s words and actions suggest?
Dua sukarelawan berkongsi $325 dalam nisbah 7 : 6. Berapakah x yang diperoleh oleh orang yang mendapat bahagian lebih besar, dalam dolar?
Sebuah kutipan dana hospital mempunyai 60 tiket cabutan bertuah. 1/2 daripadanya dijual pada hari pertama, dan 1/6 daripada tiket yang tinggal dijual pada hari kedua. Berapa banyak tiket x yang masih belum terjual?
Saraf kranial manakah yang membekalkan otot trapezius dan sternokleidomastoid?
Selepas kelahiran sukar dengan tarikan pada leher, lengan bayi tergantung di sisi, berputar ke dalam dengan lengan bawah dalam pronasi ("waiter's tip"). Bahagian pleksus brakial manakah yang cedera?
Hormon sekretin dibebaskan apabila asid memasuki duodenum. Apakah kesan utamanya?
Penyempitan arteriol eferen glomerulus, dengan arteriol aferen tidak berubah, cenderung untuk:
Which of these is part of the body's innate (non-specific) defence?
A patient with type A blood is given type B red blood cells by mistake. What is the cause of the reaction that follows?
When the diaphragm contracts and the chest cavity gets bigger, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?
A mixture contains sand, salt and water. Which sequence separates all three?
Choose the correct word: “In your paper, you must ___ your sources.”
Which sentence uses “not only … but also” with correct parallel structure?
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The patient became agitated during the night.”
What does the term hypoxia mean?
Jawapan: D · Pigments already present in the leaves
The yellow and orange pigments were in the leaves all along; they become visible when the green chlorophyll fades.
Jawapan: D · He is disappointed but hiding it.
Kicking a stone and muttering show frustration, so his claim that he did not want to play is likely a cover for disappointment.
Jawapan: x = 175 $
Nisbah dan kadaran: nisbah a : b membandingkan dua kuantiti. Dalam kadaran dua nisbah adalah sama, a/b = c/d, dan anda menyelesaikannya dengan darab silang: a·d = b·c. Untuk berkongsi suatu jumlah dalam nisbah m : n, bahagikannya kepada m + n bahagian yang sama; satu bahagian ialah m bahagian, yang satu lagi n bahagian.
Jawapan: x = 25
Mendarab dan membahagi pecahan: mula-mula tukarkan nombor bercampur kepada pecahan tak wajar (2 1/3 = 7/3). Untuk mendarab, darabkan pengangka dan penyebut. Untuk membahagi, kekalkan pecahan pertama, tukar ÷ kepada ×, dan terbalikkan pecahan kedua (darab dengan salingannya). Batalkan faktor sepunya dan tulis hasilnya dalam bentuk termudah sebagai nombor bercampur.
Jawapan: B · Saraf aksesori (XI)
Saraf aksesori (XI) membekalkan sternokleidomastoid dan trapezius. Kerosakan melemahkan pemalingan kepala dan kenyitan bahu.
Jawapan: A · Trunkus atas (C5–C6)
Lumpuh Erb berlaku selepas peregangan trunkus atas (C5–C6), melumpuhkan deltoid, rotator luar dan biseps. Kecederaan trunkus bawah (Klumpke) menjejaskan otot kecil tangan sebaliknya.
Jawapan: B · Rembesan bikarbonat daripada pankreas
Sekretin merangsang sel duktus pankreas merembeskan cecair kaya bikarbonat, yang meneutralkan kim berasid supaya enzim usus dapat berfungsi.
Jawapan: C · Menaikkan tekanan kapilari glomerulus dan GFR
Penyempitan eferen menahan darah dalam glomerulus, menaikkan tekanan dan GFR-nya. Angiotensin II bertindak sedemikian, itulah sebabnya perencat ACE boleh menurunkan GFR.
Jawapan: B · The skin and stomach acid
Innate defences include physical and chemical barriers such as skin, mucus and stomach acid, plus phagocytes and inflammation. Antibodies, memory cells and specific T cells belong to adaptive immunity.
Jawapan: D · Anti-B antibodies in the patient's plasma attack the donor cells
Type A people have anti-B antibodies. These bind to the B antigens on the donor cells, causing them to clump and break down, which is a haemolytic transfusion reaction.
Jawapan: B · It falls, so air flows in
At constant temperature, a larger volume means a lower pressure. The pressure inside the lungs falls below atmospheric pressure, so air moves in. This is inhalation.
Jawapan: B · Filter to remove the sand, then distil the filtrate to collect water and leave salt
Filtration removes the insoluble sand. The filtrate is salt water; distilling it collects pure water in the condenser and leaves the salt behind. Evaporation alone would recover salt but lose the water.
Jawapan: D · cite
“Cite” means to quote or name a source. A “site” is a location, and “sight” is the ability to see.
Jawapan: A · She is not only a nurse but also a teacher.
In A both parts are nouns (a nurse, a teacher). In the other choices the two parts do not match grammatically.
Jawapan: D · Restless and disturbed
Agitated means restless, anxious and unable to settle.
Jawapan: A · Too little oxygen in the tissues
Hypoxia is a lack of adequate oxygen at the tissue level.
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