Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 16 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.
“The storm knocked down power lines across the county. Schools closed, and many families spent the night by candlelight.” What was the effect of the fallen power lines?
“The pain reliever starts working within 30 minutes. Its effects last about 6 hours. Do not take more than 4 doses in 24 hours.” A patient takes the first dose at 8 a.m. If the patient takes each next dose only when the previous one wears off, at what time would the third dose be taken?
Sebuah bulatan mempunyai diameter 14 cm. Dengan π ≈ 3.14, cari lilitannya C.
Sebuah kutipan dana hospital mempunyai 42 tiket cabutan bertuah. 1/2 daripadanya dijual pada hari pertama, dan 1/3 daripada tiket yang tinggal dijual pada hari kedua. Berapa banyak tiket x yang masih belum terjual?
Vena portal hepatik dibentuk oleh percantuman dua vena yang manakah?
Semasa tusukan lumbar, ligamen manakah yang terakhir ditembusi sebelum jarum memasuki ruang epidural?
Apakah julat pH normal darah arteri?
Seorang wanita muda mengalami kelemahan otot yang bertambah teruk dengan penggunaan berulang dan bertambah baik dengan perencat asetilkolinesterase. Apakah mekanisme yang paling mungkin?
Why does each type of virus infect only certain kinds of cells?
A karyotype shows 45 chromosomes, with a single X chromosome and no Y. Which condition is this?
How does ionisation energy (the energy needed to remove an outer electron) generally change from left to right across a period?
Which pair of substances could form a buffer solution?
Choose the correct word: “He was ___ by the loud noise.”
Which choice is the active-voice version of “The report was written by the charge nurse.”?
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The infection is latent and causes no symptoms now.”
When describing an IV solution, which word is the opposite of hypertonic?
Jawapan: D · Many homes had no electricity.
Using candles at night suggests homes lost electricity because of the fallen lines.
Jawapan: D · 8 p.m.
First dose 8 a.m., second at 2 p.m. (6 hours later), third at 8 p.m. (another 6 hours).
Jawapan: C = 43.96 cm
Perimeter, luas dan isi padu: perimeter ialah jarak mengelilingi sesuatu bentuk (segi empat tepat: 2l + 2w). Luas diukur dalam unit persegi: segi empat tepat l × w, segi tiga ½ × tapak × tinggi, bulatan π·r². Lilitan bulatan ialah π·d = 2π·r. Isi padu dalam unit padu: kuboid l × w × h, silinder π·r²·h. Gunakan nilai π yang diberikan oleh soalan.
Jawapan: x = 14
Mendarab dan membahagi pecahan: mula-mula tukarkan nombor bercampur kepada pecahan tak wajar (2 1/3 = 7/3). Untuk mendarab, darabkan pengangka dan penyebut. Untuk membahagi, kekalkan pecahan pertama, tukar ÷ kepada ×, dan terbalikkan pecahan kedua (darab dengan salingannya). Batalkan faktor sepunya dan tulis hasilnya dalam bentuk termudah sebagai nombor bercampur.
Jawapan: A · Vena mesenterik superior dan vena splenik
Vena portal terbentuk di belakang leher pankreas daripada vena mesenterik superior dan vena splenik. Ia membawa darah yang kaya nutrien ke hati.
Jawapan: D · Ligamentum flavum
Jarum melalui kulit, ligamen supraspinus dan interspinus, kemudian ligamentum flavum ke dalam ruang epidural, seterusnya dura dan araknoid ke dalam ruang subaraknoid.
Jawapan: D · 7.35 hingga 7.45
pH arteri biasanya 7.35–7.45. Di bawah 7.35 ialah asidemia dan di atas 7.45 alkalemia.
Jawapan: B · Antibodi terhadap reseptor asetilkolin pada simpang neuromuskular
Dalam miastenia gravis, autoantibodi mengurangkan bilangan reseptor asetilkolin yang berfungsi. Menyekat asetilkolinesterase meninggalkan lebih banyak ACh untuk mengikat reseptor yang tinggal.
Jawapan: A · It must attach to specific receptor proteins on the cell surface
Viral surface proteins bind to particular receptor molecules on host cells. Only cells with the right receptors can be infected; for example, HIV binds the CD4 protein on helper T cells.
Jawapan: D · Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome (45,X) affects females who have only one X chromosome. Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) affects males with an extra X, and Down syndrome is trisomy 21.
Jawapan: C · It increases
Across a period the nuclear charge rises while the shell stays the same, so electrons are held more tightly and are harder to remove. Ionisation energy therefore increases.
Jawapan: D · Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
A buffer contains a weak acid and its conjugate base, which can absorb added base or acid. H₂CO₃/HCO₃⁻ is the main buffer in blood. HCl is a strong acid, so Cl⁻ cannot pick up H⁺ well enough to buffer.
Jawapan: A · startled
The -ed participle describes the person who feels something. “Startling” would describe the noise itself.
Jawapan: C · The charge nurse wrote the report.
In A the doer (the charge nurse) is the subject and performs the action. B, C and D still use a form of “be” plus the past participle, so they are passive.
Jawapan: A · Present but not active or visible
Latent means present but hidden or inactive, like a virus that stays dormant in the body.
Jawapan: B · Hypotonic
A hypertonic solution is more concentrated than body fluids and a hypotonic one is less concentrated; an isotonic solution has the same concentration.
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