1.Easy
The term "aetiology" refers to:
- AThe expected outcome of a disorder
- BThe symptoms of a disorder
- CThe causes of a disorder
- DThe treatment of a disorder
2.Easy
Which psychological therapy was founded by Sigmund Freud?
- ARational emotive behaviour therapy
- BClient-centred therapy
- CPsychoanalysis
- DBehaviour therapy
3.Easy
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is mainly used today for:
- AADHD in children
- BMild anxiety in students who have not yet tried any other treatment
- CSevere depression that has not responded to other treatments
- DSpecific phobias
4.Medium
A man is socially inhibited, feels inadequate and avoids jobs involving contact with people because he fears criticism, though he wants close relationships. Which disorder fits best?
- ASchizoid personality disorder
- BAntisocial personality disorder
- CAvoidant personality disorder
- DHistrionic personality disorder
5.Medium
The key difference between factitious disorder and malingering is that in malingering:
- AThe person truly has a physical illness
- BSymptoms are faked for an obvious external reward such as money or avoiding work
- CSymptoms are produced unconsciously without any intention
- DThe person seeks to take on the sick role itself, without any obvious external gain
6.Medium
In the two-factor model of phobias (Mowrer), how is a phobia maintained?
- APunishment of approach behaviour by others, which strengthens the fear itself
- BPositive reinforcement of fear by rewards
- CThe fear is learned by watching others only
- DAvoidance reduces anxiety, which negatively reinforces the avoidance
7.Hard
Why is the medical model of mental illness criticised by proponents of the psychological approaches?
- AIt may overlook psychological and social causes and reduce people's sense of agency
- BIt denies that the brain and biological factors have any role in behaviour or emotion
- CIt rejects the use of medication entirely
- DIt is based only on dream analysis
8.Hard
Ayllon and Azrin introduced a token economy on a psychiatric ward. What was the main finding and limitation?
- AThe method cured schizophrenia within weeks
- BPatients' hallucinations disappeared permanently, and the gains lasted after discharge
- CTokens had no effect on behaviour
- DTarget behaviours increased, but gains often did not generalise outside the ward
Answer key
- 1. C · The causes of a disorder
- 2. C · Psychoanalysis
- 3. C · Severe depression that has not responded to other treatments
- 4. C · Avoidant personality disorder
- 5. B · Symptoms are faked for an obvious external reward such as money or avoiding work
- 6. D · Avoidance reduces anxiety, which negatively reinforces the avoidance
- 7. A · It may overlook psychological and social causes and reduce people's sense of agency
- 8. D · Target behaviours increased, but gains often did not generalise outside the ward
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