1.Easy
In the UK, after a bill passes both Houses of Parliament, it becomes an Act when it receives:
- ACabinet confirmation
- BRoyal Assent
- CJudicial approval
- DA referendum vote
2.Easy
The rule of law means, at its core, that:
- AJudges make all laws
- BEveryone, including the government, is subject to the law
- CThe government can change any law at any time without limits
- DOnly citizens must follow the law
3.Easy
Judicial independence means that:
- AJudges decide cases free from pressure from government or other parties
- BJudges may set aside any statute they consider unjust or contrary to good policy
- CJudges are elected by the public
- DJudges cannot be bound by statute
4.Medium
Under AG v De Keyser's Royal Hotel, when a statute covers the same ground as a prerogative power:
- AThe government can choose freely between the two
- BThe prerogative is put in abeyance and the government must act under the statute
- CThe prerogative overrides the statute
- DThe government may still choose the prerogative if it offers more flexible powers
5.Medium
The Dutch Constitution (Article 120) forbids courts from:
- AApplying international treaties
- BReviewing decisions of municipalities and provinces against national statutes
- CHearing criminal cases
- DReviewing Acts of Parliament for compatibility with the Constitution
6.Medium
After Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate held that compensation was due for property destroyed during the war, Parliament passed the War Damage Act 1965, which:
- ARemoved the right to compensation retrospectively
- BIncreased the compensation payable
- CRequired the courts to hear the case again
- DWas struck down by the courts
7.Hard
In R v Home Secretary, ex p Simms, Lord Hoffmann explained the "principle of legality" as meaning that:
- AGeneral words in a statute are presumed not to override fundamental rights
- BCourts may strike down Acts that breach fundamental rights
- CMinisters may limit fundamental rights whenever it is in the public interest
- DParliament cannot legislate against fundamental rights
8.Hard
In the Dutch system, the Council of State (Raad van State) mainly:
- AAdvises on legislation and acts as the highest administrative court in many areas
- BElects the members of parliament
- CHears criminal appeals
- DAppoints the prime minister and supervises the formation of a new coalition government
Answer key
- 1. B · Royal Assent
- 2. B · Everyone, including the government, is subject to the law
- 3. A · Judges decide cases free from pressure from government or other parties
- 4. B · The prerogative is put in abeyance and the government must act under the statute
- 5. D · Reviewing Acts of Parliament for compatibility with the Constitution
- 6. A · Removed the right to compensation retrospectively
- 7. A · General words in a statute are presumed not to override fundamental rights
- 8. A · Advises on legislation and acts as the highest administrative court in many areas
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