1.Easy
The Dutch Parliament (Staten-Generaal) consists of:
- AThe House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) and the Senate (Eerste Kamer)
- BThe provincial councils and municipal councils
- CThe King and the Council of Ministers
- DThe Council of State and the Supreme Court
2.Easy
In a parliamentary system, the government usually depends on:
- AThe support of the head of state only
- BThe confidence of parliament
- CA referendum every year
- DThe approval of the courts
3.Easy
Articles 8 to 11 of the ECHR are "qualified" rights. This means that:
- AThey protect only qualified professionals
- BInterferences can be justified if lawful, for a legitimate aim and necessary in a democratic society
- CThey can be restricted only during war or a public emergency threatening the life of the nation, under Article 15
- DThey can never be restricted in any way
4.Medium
Article 2 of the ECHR (right to life) imposes on states a positive obligation to:
- AGuarantee that no citizen ever dies
- BAbolish all police forces
- CTake appropriate steps to safeguard lives within their jurisdiction
- DGuarantee free housing and healthcare to everyone within their territory
5.Medium
In CCSU v Minister for the Civil Service (the GCHQ case), Lord Diplock classified the grounds of judicial review as:
- ALegality, legitimacy and proportionality
- BIllegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety
- CJurisdiction, motive and fairness
- DFraud, mistake and duress
6.Medium
To amend the Dutch Constitution under Article 137:
- AA proposal is passed, elections follow, and then both chambers must approve it by two-thirds
- BA national referendum must approve it
- CA simple majority in both chambers is enough, after which the King must sign the amendment into law
- DThe King and the Council of State decide it
7.Hard
In the Dutch system, the Council of State (Raad van State) mainly:
- AAdvises on legislation and acts as the highest administrative court in many areas
- BAppoints the prime minister and supervises the formation of a new coalition government
- CElects the members of parliament
- DHears criminal appeals
8.Hard
In R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU (2017), the UK Supreme Court held that:
- AParliamentary legislation was required to give notice of withdrawal from the EU
- BThe referendum result was legally binding
- CThe government could give notice using prerogative powers without any Act of Parliament
- DDevolved legislatures had a veto over Brexit
Answer key
- 1. A · The House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) and the Senate (Eerste Kamer)
- 2. B · The confidence of parliament
- 3. B · Interferences can be justified if lawful, for a legitimate aim and necessary in a democratic society
- 4. C · Take appropriate steps to safeguard lives within their jurisdiction
- 5. B · Illegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety
- 6. A · A proposal is passed, elections follow, and then both chambers must approve it by two-thirds
- 7. A · Advises on legislation and acts as the highest administrative court in many areas
- 8. A · Parliamentary legislation was required to give notice of withdrawal from the EU
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