1.Easy
A federal state is one in which:
- ARegions may secede unilaterally whenever a majority of their voters wishes
- BThere is no central government
- CAll power is held by the capital city
- DPower is constitutionally divided between a central government and regions
2.Easy
In a parliamentary system, the government usually depends on:
- AThe support of the head of state only
- BThe confidence of parliament
- CA referendum every year
- DThe approval of the courts
3.Easy
Under section 19 of the UK Human Rights Act 1998, the minister in charge of a bill must:
- AObtain the Supreme Court's approval of its compatibility before second reading
- BMake a statement about whether it is compatible with Convention rights
- CHold a public consultation on it
- DSend it to the European Court of Human Rights
4.Medium
In Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza, the House of Lords used section 3 of the Human Rights Act to read "as his or her wife or husband" in the Rent Act as:
- AApplying only to registered marriages
- BIncompatible, so it issued a declaration
- CExcluding all unmarried partners
- DIncluding same-sex partners
5.Medium
In R v Bow Street Magistrate, ex p Pinochet (No 2), the House of Lords set aside its own earlier decision because:
- AThe judges had made a legal mistake
- BOne judge had links to a charity that was a party to the case
- CThe case had been heard in private
- DPinochet had not been given a lawyer of his own choice at the hearing
6.Medium
Which ground of judicial review applies when a decision-maker ignores a relevant consideration?
- ALegitimate expectation only
- BProcedural impropriety only
- CIllegality
- DNone, because courts never review considerations
7.Hard
In R v Home Secretary, ex p Simms, Lord Hoffmann explained the "principle of legality" as meaning that:
- ACourts may strike down Acts that breach fundamental rights
- BMinisters may limit fundamental rights whenever it is in the public interest
- CParliament cannot legislate against fundamental rights
- DGeneral words in a statute are presumed not to override fundamental rights
8.Hard
In the Harmonisatiewet judgment (1989), the Dutch Supreme Court held that Article 120 of the Constitution:
- APrevents courts from reviewing Acts of Parliament against fundamental principles of law
- BWas overridden by the principle of legal certainty
- CApplies only to delegated legislation
- DAllows courts to strike down Acts that breach fundamental principles such as legal certainty
Answer key
- 1. D · Power is constitutionally divided between a central government and regions
- 2. B · The confidence of parliament
- 3. B · Make a statement about whether it is compatible with Convention rights
- 4. D · Including same-sex partners
- 5. B · One judge had links to a charity that was a party to the case
- 6. C · Illegality
- 7. D · General words in a statute are presumed not to override fundamental rights
- 8. A · Prevents courts from reviewing Acts of Parliament against fundamental principles of law
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