1.Easy
Which Act created the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom?
- AParliament Act 1911
- BHuman Rights Act 1998
- CScotland Act 1998
- DConstitutional Reform Act 2005
2.Easy
Judicial review allows courts to:
- AAppoint government ministers
- BDecide elections
- CCheck whether public bodies act lawfully
- DRewrite any legislation they consider unwise
3.Easy
In a presidential system, such as that of the United States:
- AThe president is chosen by and from the legislature and must resign if it withdraws its confidence in the government
- BThe president can dissolve the legislature at will
- CThe president is a ceremonial figure with no powers
- DThe head of the executive is elected separately and does not depend on the legislature's confidence
4.Medium
Under Article 94 of the Dutch Constitution, Dutch courts:
- ACan strike down statutes that conflict with the Constitution or with general principles
- BMust refer all treaty questions to the Council of State
- CApply statutes even if they conflict with treaties
- DDo not apply statutes that conflict with treaty provisions binding on everyone
5.Medium
Under AG v De Keyser's Royal Hotel, when a statute covers the same ground as a prerogative power:
- AThe government may still choose the prerogative if it offers more flexible powers
- BThe government can choose freely between the two
- CThe prerogative is put in abeyance and the government must act under the statute
- DThe prerogative overrides the statute
6.Medium
Which ground of judicial review applies when a decision-maker ignores a relevant consideration?
- AIllegality
- BNone, because courts never review considerations
- CProcedural impropriety only
- DLegitimate expectation only
7.Hard
In R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU (2017), the Supreme Court said about the Sewel convention that:
- AIt requires Scottish consent to the UK's withdrawal from the EU
- BIt is a political convention that courts cannot enforce
- CIt became legally binding when written into statute
- DIt applies only to Northern Ireland
8.Hard
Article 79(3) of the German Basic Law (the "eternity clause") forbids amendments that affect:
- AThe federal structure, the Länder's participation in legislation, or the principles in Articles 1 and 20
- BThe electoral system, the number of seats in the Bundestag, or any of the rules in Articles 38 to 48 on elections
- COnly the articles on taxation
- DAny article of the Basic Law at all
Answer key
- 1. D · Constitutional Reform Act 2005
- 2. C · Check whether public bodies act lawfully
- 3. D · The head of the executive is elected separately and does not depend on the legislature's confidence
- 4. D · Do not apply statutes that conflict with treaty provisions binding on everyone
- 5. C · The prerogative is put in abeyance and the government must act under the statute
- 6. A · Illegality
- 7. B · It is a political convention that courts cannot enforce
- 8. A · The federal structure, the Länder's participation in legislation, or the principles in Articles 1 and 20
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