1.Easy
A federal state is one in which:
- AAll power is held by the capital city
- BThere is no central government
- CPower is constitutionally divided between a central government and regions
- DRegions may secede unilaterally whenever a majority of their voters wishes
2.Easy
A "rigid" constitution is one that:
- ACan be amended only by a special procedure
- BCan be changed by an ordinary Act
- CIs enforced strictly by the army
- DCan never be amended at all
3.Easy
A codified constitution is one whose main rules are:
- ABased entirely on unwritten customs
- BAgreed afresh after every election
- CCollected in a single written document
- DFound only in judicial decisions
4.Medium
Under AG v De Keyser's Royal Hotel, when a statute covers the same ground as a prerogative power:
- AThe prerogative is put in abeyance and the government must act under the statute
- BThe government may still choose the prerogative if it offers more flexible powers
- CThe government can choose freely between the two
- DThe prerogative overrides the statute
5.Medium
To amend the Dutch Constitution under Article 137:
- AA simple majority in both chambers is enough, after which the King must sign the amendment into law
- BThe King and the Council of State decide it
- CA proposal is passed, elections follow, and then both chambers must approve it by two-thirds
- DA national referendum must approve it
6.Medium
Constitutional conventions are:
- AMeetings held to write a new constitution
- BNon-legal rules of political practice that are regarded as binding
- CInternational treaties about the constitution
- DWritten rules found in statutes that courts enforce like any other law
7.Hard
In R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice (2014), concerning the ban on assisted suicide, the majority of the UK Supreme Court:
- ARead the ban down under section 3 to allow assisted dying
- BHeld that Article 8 was not engaged at all
- CDeclined to make a declaration of incompatibility at that time, leaving it to Parliament
- DMade a declaration of incompatibility with Article 8, while leaving the ban itself in force for now
8.Hard
The Venice Commission is:
- AAn Italian regional parliament
- BThe Council of Europe's advisory body on constitutional law
- CA United Nations body that hears individual human rights complaints
- DThe EU's highest court
Answer key
- 1. C · Power is constitutionally divided between a central government and regions
- 2. A · Can be amended only by a special procedure
- 3. C · Collected in a single written document
- 4. A · The prerogative is put in abeyance and the government must act under the statute
- 5. C · A proposal is passed, elections follow, and then both chambers must approve it by two-thirds
- 6. B · Non-legal rules of political practice that are regarded as binding
- 7. C · Declined to make a declaration of incompatibility at that time, leaving it to Parliament
- 8. B · The Council of Europe's advisory body on constitutional law
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