1.Easy
An attempt to commit a crime means:
- ACommitting the full offence
- BPlanning a crime in detail and buying the equipment needed later to commit it
- CTalking to a friend about a crime
- DDoing more than merely preparatory acts with intent to commit the offence
2.Easy
An omission (failure to act) can lead to criminal liability when:
- AThe defendant was asleep
- BAny person failed to help a stranger
- CNever, in any legal system
- DThe defendant had a legal duty to act
3.Easy
In England and Wales, which body decides on charges in most serious cases and conducts public prosecutions?
- AThe Law Commission
- BThe Crown Prosecution Service
- CThe Magistrates' Association
- DThe Home Office
4.Medium
During a burglary, D has handed a knife to an accomplice. When someone arrives, D says "come on, let's go" and climbs out; the accomplice stabs the person. Following R v Becerra, D's withdrawal is:
- AEffective, because D left before the crime was completed
- BEffective, because any words of withdrawal are always enough
- CNot effective, because withdrawal must be timely and unequivocal and may need more than words once violence is imminent
- DIrrelevant, because once an accessory has supplied a weapon, no later act of withdrawal can ever relieve them of liability
5.Medium
Causation in criminal law requires that the defendant's act was:
- AMorally wrong
- BIntended to cause the result in every case
- CThe only cause of the result
- DA factual and legal cause of the result
6.Medium
The "thin skull" rule in criminal law means:
- AA frail victim breaks the chain of causation
- BThe victim's injuries must be foreseeable in extent
- COnly healthy victims are protected
- DThe defendant must take the victim as they find them
7.Hard
In R v Roberts (1971), a woman jumped from a moving car to escape a sexual assault and was injured. The court held the defendant liable unless her reaction was:
- ASo "daft" or unexpected that no reasonable person could have foreseen it
- BTaken without first asking the defendant to stop the car and let her out
- CMore dangerous than staying in the car
- DCaused by her own panic and fear
8.Hard
R v Gomez (1993) held that an appropriation in theft:
- ARequires that the act was not authorised by the owner, even if consent was obtained by fraud
- BCan occur even when the owner consents, if the consent was obtained by deception
- CRequires a physical taking of the property
- DOnly occurs when the defendant leaves the shop
Answer key
- 1. D · Doing more than merely preparatory acts with intent to commit the offence
- 2. D · The defendant had a legal duty to act
- 3. B · The Crown Prosecution Service
- 4. C · Not effective, because withdrawal must be timely and unequivocal and may need more than words once violence is imminent
- 5. D · A factual and legal cause of the result
- 6. D · The defendant must take the victim as they find them
- 7. A · So "daft" or unexpected that no reasonable person could have foreseen it
- 8. B · Can occur even when the owner consents, if the consent was obtained by deception
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