1.Easy
In English law, a "wound" for section 20 OAPA 1861 requires:
- AAny visible bruise on the body
- BLoss of consciousness
- CA break in both layers of the skin
- DA broken bone
2.Easy
In English law, "voluntary manslaughter" refers to:
- AA killing caused by an unlawful and dangerous act, without intent to kill
- BA killing caused by gross negligence at work
- CA killing that the victim consented to in advance
- DA killing with the mens rea for murder where a partial defence applies
3.Easy
Which Act provides the statutory framework for reasonable force in self-defence and householder cases in England and Wales?
- AThe Sexual Offences Act 2003
- BThe Human Rights Act 1998
- CThe Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
- DThe Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
4.Medium
Gang members threaten D to make her rob a post office. D had joined the gang knowing it used violence. Following R v Hasan, D:
- ACan rely on necessity instead of duress
- BCan rely on duress only if the robbery failed
- CCannot rely on duress because she voluntarily associated with violent criminals
- DCan rely on duress because the threat was real, immediate and impossible for her to escape
5.Medium
D and V are playing a properly organised rugby match. D tackles V within the rules and V breaks a leg. D is most likely:
- ALiable for battery, because consent is never a defence to serious bodily harm
- BNot liable, because players consent to injuries within the rules of the game
- CLiable for GBH, because a serious injury was caused
- DLiable, because rugby is not a recognised sport
6.Medium
Causation in criminal law requires that the defendant's act was:
- AIntended to cause the result in every case
- BA factual and legal cause of the result
- CMorally wrong
- DThe only cause of the result
7.Hard
In R v Cheshire, the court held that negligent medical treatment of a gunshot victim:
- AMakes the doctors liable for murder
- BDid not break the chain of causation unless it was so independent and potent that the original wound became insignificant
- CAlways breaks the chain of causation
- DBroke the chain of causation whenever it was negligent enough to be the immediate medical cause of death, even if the wound still operated
8.Hard
Conspiracy in English law requires:
- AAn agreement between two or more people to commit a crime, with intent that it be carried out
- BAt least one of the conspirators to have carried out an overt act towards committing the agreed crime
- CA written plan
- DThe crime to be actually committed
Answer key
- 1. C · A break in both layers of the skin
- 2. D · A killing with the mens rea for murder where a partial defence applies
- 3. D · The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
- 4. C · Cannot rely on duress because she voluntarily associated with violent criminals
- 5. B · Not liable, because players consent to injuries within the rules of the game
- 6. B · A factual and legal cause of the result
- 7. B · Did not break the chain of causation unless it was so independent and potent that the original wound became insignificant
- 8. A · An agreement between two or more people to commit a crime, with intent that it be carried out
Full step-by-step solutions: practise this topic on examproblems.com.